The causes of poverty and solutions to this free essay sample

Abstract Poverty is the major issue all over the world. Poverty is always associated with different area such as the lack of education, poor health conditions and poor infrastructures. This report will focus on two main causes of poverty in the developing countries and indicate solutions to deal with it. It can be seen that inappropriate policies and undeveloped infrastructure widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Moreover, diseases prevalence like HIV/AIDS that reach reaches 5.6% among 2.6 million affected adult populations. Investing in roads, however, leads to about 3 persons far away  from poverty in China by every 1000 yuan investment. Other methods such investing human capital also help the poor to increase their life. Therefore, choosing a appropriate area to invest and educating the poor might direct help the developing countries to mitigate poverty. Finally, searching foreign investment to development and applying international aid might be another option. 1. Introduction Poverty is one of the highlighted issues in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The causes of poverty and solutions to this or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many countries have been devoting their efforts to develop the economy in order to reducing poverty. In developing countries, the government tries their best to satisfy people’s needs. The needs are ranging from every aspect of residents life. According to Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Social Workers (cited in Gien et al. 2007), poverty is defined as people lack of fundamental needs such as nutrition, clean water, shelter, medicine and education. Thus, providing basic needs to people is the prior mission to the developing countries. The purpose of this report is to examine the fundamental poverty and to suggest some possible solutions to deal with them. This report firstly describes the main factors causing some developing countries to remain a cycle of poverty, and then examines two effective solutions to reduce poverty. Finally, the benefits of attracting foreign investors to invest emerging economy as well as international aid as a recommendation will be discussed. 2. The causes of poverty There are some direct impacts on people who are vulnerable to poverty such as the lack of health care, failed policies and poor lifestyle. This might lead to the pressure of many countries overwhelmed that of individuals, because the government makes policies that are not suit for local residents lead to governments waste a lot of money. In addition to this, the lifestyle some developing countries have which is causing huge health problems ranging from parents to children. Therefore, poverty is related to different aspects of society that affects people life as well as the development of countries. 2.1 Inefficient development There is an issue that governments have many areas to develop and directly  affects people who are the target of it. Firstly, inappropriate policies may lead to residents far away from the benefits of development. Gien et al. (2007) give an example that Vietnam government carried on a reform policy for reducing poverty. However, this policy widen the gap between the rich region and the poor region resulting in rural residents as the victims of development, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) point out that this is because the process of policies reform affects economy development resulting in people easily losing their job when the policy fails. Therefore, failed policies could impose big burdens on some countries resulting in more people becoming victims of poverty. Secondly, under developed infrastructures widen the gap between the rich and the poor. As Lawal (2010) notes, poor farming infrastructures and the shortage of resources causes the program to improve agriculture are not completely effective in Nigeria. Moreover, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) point out that resources which could be used to develop physical infrastructures are lost because of they need to release debt burdens in Nigeria. Therefore, inadequate infrastructures in the agricultural sector exacerbate the situation of poverty. 2.2 Health issues To some extent, there are many countries carrying a high burden of health issues ranging from individuals to governments. Firstly, smoking-related issues have created some problems. According to Majra and Gur (2009), the poor who consumes the tobacco has high proportion of sickness and hardly to require treatment, Gajalakshmi et al. (cited in Majra Gur 2009, p. 316) note that this problems will lead 80 million males’ smokers dead ranging from 0 to 34 years old in India. In addition to this, Mudur (cited in Majra Gur 2009, p. 317) reports that the costs of smoking-related diseases including cancer, heart disease and chronic obstructive lung disease reach to US$ 5.8 billion estimated by the Indian Council of Medical Research over the government returns of approximately $ 1.5 billion in the tobacco industry in 2000. It could be seen that the illnesses leads to people have no chance to apply for an employment resulting in them to stay in the poverty. Secondly, many countries have been struggling with severe diseases. Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) give a example that the high incidence of AIDS reaches to 5.6% among 2.6 million affected adult populations resulting in the sufferers cannot find a job to support their life. Moreover, Fenton  (2004) points out that lacking of education as the major cause to the poor who have little knowledge about the risk of HIV/AIDS, much less to purchase high price condoms to protect themselves. Therefore, sufferers spend huge money, which should be spent to maintain their basic needs such as food, shelter and education, to ensure survive. This process might exacerbate poverty. 3. Solutions to poverty Although the developing countries are facing big challenges, two effective ways may help them to alleviate those problems. Especially, focusing on the weaker section of development in the developing countries, including investing in infrastructures and providing social services, could be spread to many nations to mitigate poverty. 3.1 Investing in infrastructures To some degree, there is a closely connection between infrastructures and poverty alleviation, thus the governments should choose to invest in appropriate sectors and execute it effectively. Firstly, choosing appropriate area to invest might be more effective. As Lawal (2010) points out that shifting current focus to rural region rather than wide-range development is more available, Fan et al. (cited in Ogun 2010, p. 255) give an example that they analyzed the statistics from different sectors involving electricity, agriculture and road, and then they found that investing every 1000 yuan in rural roads leads to approximately 3 persons far away from poverty in China. Moreover, Jahan and McCleery (cited in Ogun 2010) report that investing infrastructure helps residents enjoying better health care, which providing people better protection away from diseases and natural hazard, and qualified education. This is the basic requirement that poor people need, and let them benefit from the improvement of roads, schools and hospitals. Secondly, poor people could join the process of development through work. According to Lawal ï ¼Ë†2010ï ¼â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'the development should encourage the poor to participate and be identified not just the task of government but also as the key of poverty alleviation for themselves, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) found that the sustainable labour market creates an opportunity to break the cycle of poverty and to increase income. This means that developing countries might maintain the development of labour market in terms of providing training for unskilled people. In addition,  Colclough (cited in Awan et al. 2011) found that investing human capital is benefit for the poor who can increase their life derives from education and health endowments. Hence, investing in the road, agriculture and labour marker might directly affect the poor through encouraging participation of development and boosting human capital, after that the poor acquires their basic skills and knowledge of living. This could help them away from poverty. 3.2 Education programs If one looks more closely at the poverty that providing education as an available way to reduce poverty. Firstly, education can help the poor improve their life. Lawal (2010) notes that building education and training institutions gives opportunities to the poor that they can learn basic knowledge about living, Ogun (2010) go further and notes that investing in education and health can improve human capital as well as increasing social welfare. Especially, International Institute For Population Sciences (cited in Majra Gur 2009) points that education is not just benefit for individual far away from poverty, but also it has good effect on parents who pay more attentions to their children’s health. This means that education could inform the poor the basic knowledge of health helping them to reduce the cost of illness. Secondly, training programs can directly provide the essential knowledge to the poor. Gien et al. (2007) note that Vietnam government has a long-term program providing training ranging from job creation to local-based health services to social workers in order to helping the poor people and continuing educate new social workers, especially, this course increases the awareness of social works among trainees and is directly good for poor community in Vietnam. In addition, most of social workers and medical experts are women in Vietnam, thus more and more rural women could away from poverty as the result of improving women’s education and job opportunities, Cranswick (cited in Gien et al. 2007) points that women who are the key of reducing poverty and improving health in the family. Therefore, education may provide an effective approach to developing countries to alleviate poverty as improving employability skills and health popularizing health knowledge. 4. Conclusion There is a closely relationship among poverty, education and health. While the governments try their best to reduce poverty, the basic of poverty is related to different aspects. The report indicates that inefficient development leads to developing countries waste a lot of money and efforts. More importantly, the spreading of diseases is associated with poor education make poor countries to stay in the poverty. However, the government invests in infrastructure and provides appropriate education programs might reduce poverty and improve residents’ standard of living. Thus, the government might take the local situation of poverty to consideration when they make a plan in order to suiting for local environment and encourage teachers to educate the poor. Due to poverty involves different areas, the report therefore recommends that searching foreign investment to development and applying international aid could be considered.

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper and survival (Smiling). But in fact, obesity IS seen as the bane of existence for women around the world in developed countries as they are De chivied by the beauty industry resulting in eating disorders in order to measure up to an unrealistic and unhealthy weight. As Shower author of beauty Standards states: Eating disorders occur in societies where food is abundant and the body ideal is thin. They do not occur where food is scarce and people have to worry about where e their next meal is coming from. For example, there is a lower incidence of eating disorder errs among women living in monoester, non industrialized nations and among certain et hon. minorities in the United States. Immigrants to Western countries are more like Ely to develop eating disorders than those who remain in their country of origin. As economic changes occur in monoester societies, the incidence of eating disorders is in creasing. They are becoming common clinical problems in young women in high income e Asian societies such as Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the Republic of K area . Kim 3 They have also appeared in major cities in allowance Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia . They have even been identified in u unexpected locations such as India and Africa. In addition, ideal standards of beauty in any culture Re communicated and passed down to new generations in various ways, including personal example, through story ling, poetry, fiction, art, and, in modern times, the mass media (Sheerer). It is through the e fads of beauty that women aspire to follow, even though at one point todays ideals of beauty y would have been scandalous. Likewise, the worlds culture of the human body is redesigning, r escaping, and refashioning ourselves to satisfy or meet the standard s of our social means d urine different time periods Cowboy Culture). Every culture has their own unique standards of BEA duty dependent of what is popular or mainstream at the time. During the Renaissance period, the e ideal women had red lips and cheeks, white skin, blond hair, dark eyebrows, a long slender neck k, firm, round reacts with pink nipples, small feet, and a slim waist (Sheerer). During the 16th century in Europe, the emphasis on pale skin indicated delicacy and purity, a female virtue u Compared to darker or more vivid tones, which were regarded as masculine (Sheerer). Alls o, it was for several centuries that China emphasized the importance and beauty in small f et as foot binding was the key to a womans beauty. For Chinese women who did not have small feet during the Five Dynasties Period was suicide because foot binding was essentially Amanda Tory step and duty in order to gain a husband can provide for them. Equally important, the West erne standard of beauty is becoming the global standard of beauty. Some critics argue that by accepting a Westernizes global standard of beauty, ethnic groups around the world are to sing aside important elements of their culture. Others assert that standards of beauty AR e overcharging and Kim 4 cannot be defined strictly by history. Celebration Concepts of Beauty). M rover, throughout the globe, thinness is the new fad that defines beauty, and whom en not just in the United States, develop serious eating disorders like bulimia, anorexia nervous , and more. About vive to ten million Americans are affected by eating disorders, and among too SE millions, it is estimated that 5 to 15% of people are diagnosed (Smiling). Regarding eating d crosiers, the problem begins when Satisfaction changes into a distorted and extremely negative image and this excessive preoccupation with the idea that some part of a persons p hysterical appearance is deformed or ugly is the definition of body dystrophy disorder which is IM packed by the media and the members of the community (Body Dystrophy Disorder). Co untiringly, social and economic status has become based on beauty. The body culture reflect[ s], therefore, the social ten sions, culture, and politics of the period (Body Culture). Beauty is n to found in the body but expressed through the body. The cultivation of the human body all owed people to create a sense of sulfanilamide and personal agency (Body Culture). The concept of beauty is a global issue concerning the young women of today because the modern world is too focused on perfection, and in certain cultures, to pro cure it is to go through series Of painful procedures. In fact, in a world where beauty comes first, people will whose to cut, reshape, and fix their face and body to fit the standards of.. Hat is seen in magazines, in movies, and on television (Mimes). Another problem facing whom en is the restriction beauty proposes to women, and in countries like the United States, England, China, and Korea, it incarcerates women and prevent women from being free. More over, society puts restrictions on women by valuing beauty above other attributes. Certain tattoo so, beauty marks, hairstyles, and body shape roughly indicates peoples position in a commun ity Also, the mass Kim 5 media pressures women fainting to look perfect by promoting cosmetic us Gerry. The picture perfect models that graces the cover Of magazines are promoted in a twisted kind of beauty as it is nearly impossible for humans to be perfect because we are not. Instead of appreciating and loving their looks, Women undergo sometimes painful processes with the AI m of being considered beautiful, and thus desirable (Magenta). Programs like Photos p alter, distort, and fix the natural body in magazines, movies, etc. The issue rampant around the e world, especially in more developed countries like the United States and the Great Britain, and in these countries omen are most susceptible to the dangers of the media and their standards of beauty. Mass communication and media has made international standards of beauty convey rage; the Western features are slowly but surely dominating and changing the beauty standards of the world. This is an issue because other groups and nations lose their own identity and cult re as they try to fit in with what is mainstream. The loss and fading of a cultures identity is fourth re a restriction on women. Not all women are of the same background, culture, or even have the e same physical features yet many women from the African American and Asian cultures try t change their own identity to fit the Western image. By engaging in beauty practices women try yet live up to the beauty images communicated to them via their male partners, advertising, FAA scion designers, (porn) movies, and others, and by doing so, women are restricted (Charisma) Pressures not only from family and peers but also the media to diet can fourth re distort body image, which lead to Abnormal eating behaviors and increase the risk of eating disorders. Having a healthy body image means you are accepting and appear dative of your body and realistic about your body size. The most common body image problems I include dissatisfaction with your body and distortion, which is the inability to see your self as you really Kim 6 are. Body image problems can affect eating behavior and increase the risk of eating disorders (Smi ling). In countries like the Unites States, Europe, and Asia, the ideals and s tankards of beauty are the sources of all evil as women are bound to the beauty industry, and in some cue Trees like Bangkok where women will go through dangerous cosmetic prop dress for the sake of beauty, the chains and the grip the body culture has on women become dig term and tighter (Bangkok Deadly Obsession with Beauty). Sheila Jeffrey, a scholar, author, p lattice activist, has similar opinions in which she has a vision of a world without harmful BEA duty practices which seems to be a utopian one in a world organized into along capitalist line sees (Charisma). Along with pressures to conform to Western beauty standards, ideals of thin news in Asian American women are influenced in anorexic or bulimic behaviors (Low). Ho waver, the stereotypical standpoint of eating disorders being a white womans issue ha s gone beyond just white women. Thinness, in todays society, is the ultimate goal women must achieve in order to be considered beautiful or even just fit in with the main crowd. Thinness is not just a headache in Caucasians, but also in other cultures such as African Americans, Latino, Asians, and more. The ideal of thinness is the supreme restriction on women in these e cultures as being thin is the first big step to being close to the ideal. Furthermore, among the Mended people of the Sierra Leone in Africa, women aspire to be as beautiful as Tangoing, a merman id in Mended mythology, who is regarded as perfection, and the mythological mermaid who chi is considered to be the ideal woman, in this culture, has long, thick, strong hair, an imports NT focus of appearance for Mended women, as well as some other feature-?eyes, head, BRB seats, hands, legs, or buttocks (Sheerer). Furthermore, African American women are affected by t he problem Of beauty as they allow the Western features to dominate and dictate what is De med beautiful. It is Kim 7 wrong that African women have allowed the West to dictate to us what a BEA dutiful woman should look like because this kind of thing makes African women feel inferior to white women (Adjoin). The West promotes long, straight hair and African American women hide their curly hair by weaving or getting a straight perm. Beauty plays an important role in classifying people to their respective social hierarchy. Beauty standards can have a strong impact on social attitudes and interpret Anal relations. Studies have shown that people tend to hold certain attitudes toward those t hey find attractive (Sheerer). Thus, practices related to the cultivation of the human body have served as means to symbolically reinforce social distinctions (Body Culture). Beauty comes Han d in hand with ones social hierarchy as beauty determine s her social status and judgment. To people who find those attractive, more positive and charming comments are rendered rather t Han a condescending judgment. In other words, in todays world, the beautiful people of all sexes have a greater choice of sexual partners, and more chances of raising their status by fair me anus or foul (Martin). Continuing, outward appearance directly correlates to peoples such sees and freedom in society. In fact, as stated by Smiling, an author of Nutrition and Eating Dish orders: In North America, where young women are particularly concerned with body I age, being thin is associated with beauty, success, intelligence, and vitality. No Am Rican girl wants to be plump. Young women find themselves in a world where they are expected to be independent, have a prestigious job, maintain a successful love relationship p, bear and nurture children, manage a household, and stay in fashion. These pressures may make them feel they are unable to control all aspects of their life, so they turn to of do intake and body weight as an area in which they can exercise control. These are Nat rural choices, Kim 8 because society tells us that being thin brings success (Smiling). Additionally, the borrowing of western culture and the fashion and entertain meet industries, which set the pace and trend for almost every aspect Of our lives h eave not helped issues with the stiff competition to appear perfect (Cheating Nature With Coos emetic Surgery! ). In the film King Kong, King Kong mistakes the main character for another whom an with blonde hair and fair skin, this shows how only people with characteristics like the maim n character is beautiful. Sherry McCarthy, who writes in Blonde Is Beautiful Mystique on USA Today, admits that she was disturbed by its gender message: that foreordained blond news is the essence of female beauty, so powerful an aphrodisiac that it can tame a savage beast. The beauty industry is dramatic in that it emphasizes and alters possible beau Toto impossible. Advertisers want people to think that the beauty promoted by the e media is obtainable by using their products. This is a trap that the media has created s o that people will spend more and more. It is a way for advertisers to make money (Negative B DOD Image). Evidence as follows from Negative Body Image: The Beauty Industry you see them every. Where-?perfect, beautiful women an d men. Anywhere you look-?magazines, television, movies, even video games-?you c ant get away from seeing females and males who either look like or actually are fish on models, staring you down and making you feel less than perfect. But the truth is, these e perfect models look this way for many reasons. First of all, they are usually wearing h eave makeup (even to achieve the natural much that you probably would dont even recognize models if you saw them on the street without their makeup. Special I camera angles and lighting add to the illusion of perfection. Most pictures of women I n fashion Kim 9 Gaines are airbrushed or altered by a computer. This means that after the photo is taken, professionals use special tools to correct any imperfections that show up in the photo and might make the model look less than ideal , and According to a r search study on social issues, todays media ideal of thinness for females is achievable e by less than 5 percent of the female population. No wonder that a 1995 study found that after just three minutes of looking at a fashion magazine, 70 percent of women nit reviewed felt depressed and guilty. In 1 999, Anne Becker, director of research at the Harvard rd Eating Disorders Center, reported that when she surveyed teenage girls on the island d of Fiji in 1998, only thirtieth months after the medium of television first became via label on the island, 74 percent reported feeling too big or fat at least sometimes. Too SE who watched TV at least three nights per week were 50 percent more likely than to hers to see themselves as too fat, and 30 percent more likely to diet, even though they w arent overweight. Solutions in alleviating the problems caused by beauty include: promoting diva resist instead of focusing on Western features, helping women to have more confine dunce in the body, ND help change the impossible beauty the media promotes to standards that t are realistic. For example, by being open to and promoting the beauty of what other cultures a ND nations find beautiful, there will be more diversity. Allowing more diversity will help alleviate ate the restrictions as it will provide women with more to consider and appraise as b dutiful than just the hootenannies features. Women who do not fit the image of the Western CUL true, especially women from other ethnic groups, will be less restricted and free. Furthermore e, by promoting and helping others, especially women, to have confidence in their natural body an and its flaws will Kim 10 decrease the restrictions on women. Also making changes to the distorted IM ages the media brainwashes can help the future generations to grow up with more truth. Insist dad of promoting the deceitful pictures of Victoria Secret models or the ambiguous commercial s on television, the media should advertise the real body culture. The f act that many people have become obsessed with beauty either do not know w how it affects them negatively or are not doing anything to change this reality has become problematic.

Comparative employee relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Comparative employee relations - Case Study Example On top of this, the expanding industrial society was drawing more children, women, immigrants as well as rural workers in to the urban culture. This pool of semi skilled labor as well as unskilled labor started to organize themselves in small groups in order to articulate their plight collectively. This marked the onset of trade unionism. The political dimensions or political orientations of trade unions have always been determined by the nature and type of political regimes existent in their economies all over the world. Due to this reason, many trade unions especially in former colonial states ended up forming themselves into political parties. In other democracies these trade unions concentrated only in their field of specialization and only rarely did they form themselves into political parties. The rise of trade unionism in Britain could be best analyzed on a modernization theory perspective. On the other hand, in order to understand the rise of trade unionism in Kenya, which happens to be a former British colony can only be best understood from a dependency theory perspective. Trade unions both in Britain and in Kenya have a long history of getting overly involved in political affairs. Surprisingly in both countries, there are instances where certain trade unions have turned into political parties and contested for national elections. Trade unions in Kenya have always had a political dimension ever since the struggle for independence from Britain began. Many trade unions were on the front line in advocating for the release of detained freedom fighters and ever since, they have always been very political. Trade unions in both countries have been highly involved in political campaigns, especially for political parties that they consider to be of importance to them. The British labor union was one of the driving forces of bringing the labor party to power. Likewise, the Kenya federation of labor was supportive of bringing the current NARC regime in to power in Kenya. Additionally these trade unions have always been keen on criticizing bad legislation or poor government policies in all sectors of the economy. In almost all countries of the world there is no country where trade unions have failed to conflict with the ruling regimes. This is in no exception to trade unions in Britain and Kenya. Kenya having been a former colony of Britain and given the fact that it is still a member of the commonwealth countries it shares a lot in common with not only Britain but with almost all of the commonweal

How Far Were The Parlements Responsible For Bringing About An End To Assignment

How Far Were The Parlements Responsible For Bringing About An End To The Ancien Regime - Assignment Example Parlements were political institutions that developed of the previous "Kings Councils, the Conseil du Roi or Curia Regis. Originally there was just one Parlement, that in Paris, but by mid-Fifteenth Century there was one in Toulouse, which extended its authority over much of Southern France. From 1443 until the explosion of the French Revolution there were fourteen other parlements created, in cities such as Arras, Grenoble, and Perpignan. Importantly, all these cities had always been administrative capitals of their regions (often stemming from the Roman rule) and had strong traditions of independence from central control. Officially parlements were not legislative bodies, but rather courts of appeal. However, they did have the responsibility to record all edicts and laws and could refuse to apply such laws when they went against "fundamental law", or the local costumes. Increasingly, and this was particularly the case with the Parlement of Paris, the parlements began to "challenge royal edicts" (Doyle, 2001, p.1). These challenges often took the form of deliberate delaying tactics until the king held a lit de justice or sent a letter de cachet that would essentially force them to act. The parlements developed the power to pass arrests de reglement, which were laws that essentially applied within their jurisdiction. So the Parlements were, in fact, part of the bedrock foundation of the Ancien Regime, and it was their wish to preserve that regime, with bourgeois, noble and royal privilege that may have led to its demise, at least in part. The apartments often prevented central authority (ie. the King) from carrying out miscellaneous reforms, such as changes to fairer forms of taxation. The ironic part of their attitude is that the parlements' refusal to allow these reforms actually challenged the very absolute power of monarchs that was at the basis of the ancien regime.During the eighteenth century, the parlements started to increasingly challenge the authority of King, ironically because he sought to change France. Thus they "frequently protested royal initiatives that they believed to threaten the traditional rights and liberties of the people . . . in widely distributed publications, they up the image of a historically free France and denounced the absolute rule of the crown that in their vi ew threatened traditional liberties by imposing religious orthodoxy and new taxes" (Encarta, 2006) (my emphasis). The Parlements, while essentially conservative institutions in their wish not to change the precepts of the ancien regime, actually provided part of the energy that would lead to its downfall.

Child Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Child Brides - Essay Example Martinez hails from a Native American Indian tribe from the Oaxaca valley in Mexico known as the Trique. He was approached by his onetime neighbor and fellow Oaxacan Margarito de Jesus Galindo, who requested the hand of his daughter in marriage. Margarito was only 18 and Martinez’s daughter was just 14. Further, the father had apparently followed a Trique tradition by demanding a sizable dowry from the suitor. He asked to be given $16,000 in cash, 160 cases of beer, 100 cases of soda, 50 cases of Gatorade, two cases of wine and six cases of meat. Apparently this was to be paid on installment basis and the couple was allowed to cohabitate for a week without any kind of legal sanction as per the California law. Margarito defected in his payment within a week of the marriage making his father in law furious. To get back his daughter, he enlisted the aid of the state police – but here, he cunningly covered the part about their marriage deal; choosing only to reveal that his daughter had gone missing. The police were quick to find the eloped couple and soon came to know the entire story. As it happens, numerous state and federal laws of California and the United States of America had been broken here. The girl was only 14 years old, which is 4 years less than the legal age for marriage in California. The police further chose to label this as â€Å"human trafficking† and Martinez has been jailed. He has been awaiting trial. Further Galindo was cited for statutory rape and released. This is based on the testimony of the girl who confessed to having consummated their relationship within the week of the marriage. The nature of the incident and the atypical dowry demanded captured headlines all around the world, with a sudden resurgence of interest in the traditions and practices of the Trique Indians. While a large section of the world population condemned the incident as equivalent to trafficking in women, another section, particularly

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis To falsify something for the purpose of deceiving someone is known as forgery which is a crime. Forgery can be in the form of counterfeiting or art forgery but every kind of forgery is considered a crime. Forgery in the case of counterfeiting is severely punished. Crime has been there since the world came into being but it started to flourish in the twentieth century when several prospects for forged activities arose. Greeks and Romans signed their art with other peoples names and hoped that a big name would be capitalized. Similarly, coins and paper money have been faked by counterfeiters since they were introduced in the world. Some acts of ancient forgery were so impressive that they have been placed in museums for display and in some instances, pieces of art havent been exposed as forged work for centuries after the museums and galleries got hold of them, very much to the shame of the staff. (Smith, 2010) Definition of Forgery To illegally modify or reproduce a document, signature, an instrument, legal tender or any other means of storing information is known as forgery. Any item that is copied is also considered forged. (forgery Definition) When something is forged, a piece of art for the purpose of mimicking the style of a popular artist is made by a person and signed with the name of the artist. Usually, the work of dead artists is forged because their work cannot be testified. A few art forgers are very sharp. They utilize several techniques so that it becomes hard to detect a fake. Similarly, several techniques are used by art historians for examining art in the hopes of detecting forged works from real works of art. To forge documents is a profitable endeavor in several parts of the world. Identification, certificates of title to property and other such documents can be generated by forgers for cheating. In a few cases, documents are forged for kind purposes such as to enter an establishment with age restrictions and in many cases forgery is done for more sinister purposes such as to detect theft. Several precautions are taken when official documents are made like the use of special inks and papers so that forgery is made difficult. Forgery is a growing problem in the financial world. Currencies are actually made by forgers which is known as counterfeiting but fake checks and other important financial documents are also signed which cause a lot of problems even if the crime is detected. To examine suspicious documents and other material that might have been forged is called questionable document examination. Individuals, who choose to study forgery, may select a specific kind of forgery to speci alize. Those who specialize in forgery may analyze things such as medieval paintings, title deeds, currency with the help of several instruments and techniques to detect forgeries. (Smith, 2010) Types of Forgery Forgery is of three main types and all the types of forgery are common these days because of the advanced technology. The three types of forgery are: Altered documents. Signature forgery. False documents. Altered Documents Forgers can change documents for their benefit by altering the information within a particular document. Household bleach, paint thinners or special ink rubbers to a check can be applied to make changes to documents. Forgers can attempt to alter the amount or change the payee on a check easily. Most of the times, these alterations are not detected. Some forgers alter documents by using cut and paste technique. Others alter documents with the help of technology. Nowadays, documents can be easily scanned into a computer and the details along with the image can be altered within a few minutes. With the help of color inkjet printers, new documents can be created by forgers that look just like or even better than the original documents. A student in the United States got admission to New York University (NYU) with the help of a forged college record. The forged college record was obtained by taking the college record of another student going to another college, and then the students name, grades and other details were changed and blank forms were obtained and printed from a local print shop. Fake classes and grades were filled in by the student which he sent to New York University with the admissions application. Signature Forgery Signature forgery is thought to be the easiest type of forgery. The forger obtains a document from another individual and that individuals name is signed on it. It is difficult to find out the forger even if the forgery is uncovered. False Documents Forgers easily create false documents because computers, printers and scanners are easily available all over the world. To create false documents, a check or a business card can be scanned not considering what the business card or check looks like. Forgers can steal large sums of money by cashing forged checks. Just like signature forgery, by the time, forgery is uncovered it becomes impossible to track down the forger. (Forgery ICU 97-02) Forged Writing To make or alter a written instrument for fraudulent activities or to deceive someone such as to sign another individuals name to a check is known as forged writing. Writing payees endorsement or signing a check without the permission of the payee or the related authority. The true owner of a check is the payee to whom the check should be paid. Forgery at common law is the fraudulent making and alteration of a writing to the prejudice of another mans right. (Forgery Defined Explained) It was defined by a modern writer as a false making; a making malo animo, of any written instrument, for the purpose of fraud and deceit. (Forgery Defined Explained) Forgery is a crime which is subjected to punishment by the state and national governing bodies. To make a whole written document in the name of another individual for the purpose of fraud by altering or erasing any material part of the document which gives a new meaning to it, is considered forgery though the document maybe used by someone who is not aware of the forgery. To sign a false document or any other instrument with a true signature for which it was not intended or vice versa is also considered forgery. For example, a person might be asked to draw a will for an ill person in a specific way but what he might do is that he inserts legacies of his own head and then procures the signature of that ill person who asked him to draw the will without letting him know that the legacies have been deceitfully inserted. Sometimes a person may copy a receipt, add words in the original and then offer it as a proof on the basis that the original receipt was lost, that person too may be punished forgery. At times the name and character of another living person is assumed by a party in the writing. But to adopt a false description and to add, when a false name is not written or assumed and no individual answers the description, then it wont be prosecuted as forgery. To make a document in a pretended name or the name of someone who does not exist is a kind of f orgery which is just like creating a document in the name of a living individual and however a document may be made by someone in his own name, if he represents it as the document of another individual of the same name when actually that person does not exist, then it will be considered forgery in the name of the person who does not exist but the accuracy of this decision is doubted. Generally, a person cannot be guilty of forgery on doubt, however in writing a will, a legacy is deceitfully omitted which he was told to insert and by omitting that legacy, a material alteration would be caused, or in other cases, a devise of an estate for life to one is omitted, as a result of which, devise of the same property to another to pass a present estate which would have passed remains only, then it will be considered a forgery. It may be seen that the crime of forgery may be complete without publishing a forged document. For a document to be forged the purpose of making the document must be to defraud another person but it is not necessary that anyone of the persons is hurt. It is enough that the forged document is proven harmful. Laws have been passed in most of the states which make some acts to be considered forgery and Congress has also enacted some laws on forgery. (Forgery Defined Explained) Signs for Forged Checks There are several signs which may detect a forged check. However any one sign does not necessarily mean that the check is forged. The more the number of signs, higher are the chances of forgery. The signs are: Perforations maybe lacked on the check. There is a missing digit from the check number or it does not change. Personal checks having a low check number such as from 101 to 400 and from 1001 to 1500 on business checks. Around ninety percent of forgeries are done on accounts that are less than a year old. The font that has been used to print the customers name seems obviously different from the font used to print the address. Additions have been made to the check such as the phone numbers are written by hand. The address of the customer is not present on the check. The address of the bank is not present on the check. There are marks on the check because of the changes. The MICR coding on the bottom of the check is shiny. Real magnetic ink appears to be dull. The check number and the MICR coding do not match. There are missing MICR digits. The district of the bank and the routing symbol in the upper right-hand corner of the check and MICR coding do not match. The payees name seems to have been printed by a typewriter. Where as payroll, dividend checks and expenses are printed with the help of computers. The word VOID seems to appear on the check. There is no authorized signature. (Check Fraud Prevention: What is Check Fraud-Types of Check Fraud) Famous Forgers Frank Abagnale Frank Abagnale is considered one of the biggest forgers of the world. He cashed around $2.5 million through false checks between 1964 and 1969, assumed identities of eight different people including a lawyer, a pediatrician and even a pilot for Pan Am. A movie, Catch me if you can was made on his life in which Leonardo DiCaprio played his role in 2002. Anatasios Arnaouti Anatasios Arnaouti was a forger who was caught and imprisoned in 2005. He led one of the major of United Kingdoms counterfeiting operations. He produced fake currency in his factory and around  £276,000 was created in one day. It has been estimated that he created around  £10 in fake currency. Abel Buell Abel Buell was a forger who was born in Connecticut in 1742. He attempted to convert  £5 notes into higher denominations. He was caught and punished by printing F on his head which branded him as a forger. Victor Lustig Victor Lustig is known for selling the Eiffel Tower twice by fraud though he did not own it. He was arrested when he was opening a locker with a key in his hand which had $51,000 in fake currency. William Chaloner He was a famous British forger who was known for counterfeiting. He was detected by Royal Mint and Sir Isaac Newton in 1699. He was caught and punished by hanging. Stephen Jory Stephen Jory led the so-called Lavender Hill Mob. He created fake  £20 notes. He was arrested and admitted in his trial that he had created  £50 million of fake  £20 notes but the figure is believed to be much higher. Catherine Murphy Catherine Murphy clipped off small pieces from gold coins to make new ones. She was executed in 1789. (Famous Forgers, 2009) Analysis of major forgery Forging documents by corrupting the records keeping systems is a severe crime against society. Forgers like their work accepted as being genuine and get amused while embarrassing the experts. They like to change history the way they want to see it. People practice forgery for its lucrative benefits and pleasure. Forgery robs society and contaminates the very essence of humanity. Letter Forgery The Salamander Letter Plain one and half page handwritten letter to W.W. Phelps of Canandaigua, New York from Martin Harris, dated 23 October, 1830, depicted an uncanny event that Harris had observed three years back. In the fall of the year 1827 I hear Joseph Smith found a gold bible I take Joseph aside he says it is true I found it 4 years ago with my stone but only just got it because of the enchantment of the old spirit come to me 3 times in the same dream says dig up the gold but when I take it up the next morning the spirit transfigured himself from a white salamander in the bottom of the hole struck me three times held the treasure would not let me have it because I lay it down to cover over the hole when the spirit says do not lay it down. Harriss narration of Prophet Joseph Smiths discovery of golden plates, the plates that were translated to be included in the Book of Mormon that is the foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, gravely denied Smiths own recollection of the event. It called into question the divine character of the finding. The salamander was of no divine importance or an angel sent by God, it was a common sign that originated from fold magic and medicine. The letter recommended that Prophet Smith was hallucinating while mistaking it with divine communication that could have emerged from folk medicine experiments. The letter damaged the authenticity and divinity of the 150 years old church and no one cared where could have been all these 153 years. It was found by a Mormon dealer in an unstamped envelope, a philately specialty that concerted on postal blotting prior to stamps in late 1840s who paid no attention to the letters origin. The FBI and a prominent manuscript dealer subst antiated that the letter had the genuine look and feel. When the Salamander letter was compared with other documents of the period, it was known that it was written by similar iron gall ink used during that period and had the same chemical composition. The report concluded, there is no evidence to suggest that these documents were prepared at a time other than their reported dates. In 1983, the letter appeared to be indisputable and the leaders of Mormon Church got worried. Subsequently further events revealed that a disenchanted Mormon, Mark Hofmann had forged the letter and used his skills to dishonor the church. He was trying to change the churchs history to destabilize the foundations of the church. He testified during his murder trial, I believed that the documents that I created could have been a part of Mormon history. In effect, I guess, the questions I asked myself in deciding on a forgery[,] one of the questions was, what could have been? I had a concept of church history and I followed that concept. Hoffmans Technique of forgery Hoffman work of forging nineteenth century documents required mastery uncovered broad range of knowledge and abilities like: Artistic and manual dexterity to fabricate smooth and flawless writing according to persons specific writing style. Composition and chemistry of ink that could test positive for the period in question Having contemporary paper sources and postal blots Undertaking historical research to be in command of commonly known facts, day of delivery suitable and mail route for the fabricated letter to gain acceptance as being genuine and Fictional content imagination that is enough to being closer to real, and will be taken for authentic. Hoffman used two conventions, first he made up the documents discovery to someone else such that its real value is recognized. Second he made the document suggest historical connections of individuals that sufferers would eagerly see and unsuspectingly accept (Gracy II). Detection of forgery Detecting forgery of unique objects can be done through the objects evidence of time and place in which it was finished (Forgery, Britannica). Often a forger unconsciously creates style confusion or ingeniously accents elements that spark contemporary bias. For example the work passed as Lucas Cranachs by the bright German forger F. W. Rohrich, by imbuing paintings with a feel of Biedermeier visual, that was common in his own times, that later deceived their falsity. Regardless of modern technological breakthroughs, a great deal of forgery remains impermeable to detection by other than experimental means (forgery, Encyclopedia topics). Success to detect a forgery can only be achieved only if the investigator is precipitous about all related technical, mechanical, physical and historical matter that may be essential in recognizing irregularities in any document. Serendipity is one of the important powers and hence is ranked high for all investigators. Examiner needs to ask the right question at the right instant to spot forgeries and note dissonances. There are various features of a forgery and can be classified into four groups, that is content of forgery, provenance, technology and technique of the forger. Content of the forgery The examiners inexperience surfaces when the document is question is being assessed to validate the content. Examiners do not know all the necessary facts, while skilled forgers have carefully analyzed every aspect. The older the document is, the more the examiner needs to be well-versant with the rule of phraseology and word usage of the period. Configuring dates and the styles of abbreviation have evolved greatly over the last three centuries. Furthermore the shapes of certain letters have also changed over time in their cursive. Provenance Common forgery cases get successful because often the victim believes in the validity of the document. Forgers give victims enough knowledge to lay their provenance basis, and let them build and substantiate the forgery through facts and chance discovery. An old aphorism states that if a proposal appears too good to be true, it is probably false, rightly applies to forged documents. This aphorism can be rephrased for forgery as, If it is remarkable that a document has surfaced all of a sudden, likely there is more to the story of the documents existence than the provenance offered. Technique of the forger Forgers have unique creative abilities, in intellectual conception and styling provenance and content, and in physical area of making of the object to make it appear to something it is not. Forgers do fake repairs to suggest substantial age and attention to the object for the intention of improving provenance. The examiner should critically evaluate the material used in the repair and the condition in which it was done. The examiner should be well versed with the aging techniques that may include staining paper with tea or coffee, or document misuse with tears or holes for book worms. Finally the examiner should doubtful about standard dealers markings. Technology Examiners need to evaluate the appearance of the forgery through use of technology. They should look for the dates when certain technology became common and the technical aspects of their likelihood of applicability. Examiner should check paper under lights for watermarks and for woven or chained patterns of the paper texture. The interaction of paper and ink is vital to exposing any forgery (Gracy II). Detecting forgery in Writing While examining writing for evidence of forgery requires careful comparison between the original writers and other. The author of the writing known is commonly called the original and is referred to by his name. The writing with which it is compared, or is the subject of investigation is a called the suspect. The suspected writings should be separately numbered until the original thoroughly mastered. It is important to put away the suspected writing to avoid confusion having multiple types of writing in front of the eye and mind so as to avoid prejudice to any one type. Any influence to first evaluate the suspect should be resolutely defied. Paper and envelope should be examined carefully for its quality, watermark, size or any inherent feature for clues. Then the overall general style of the document should be studied for top and side margins. Identify words in the writing for usual use of hyphen to divide words. Next measure the distance between the lines and make a note of the distance. Then make a note of the average distance between the words, and see if they appear to be connected without lifting of the pen. Check the slope and top of the letters that have tails. Look for punctuation style frequency and accuracy. Determine the writing class. Note for language peculiarities and errors or spelling of words like if its favor or favour etc. Note particular letters that have two or more touching points like, m, h, d, k, n and so on to check for writing regularity. Lastly look for tailed or topped letters for loops and bars if they are formed by single stroke. Classify and examine the loops or their angular, roundness, s hort or narrow style. Devoting time to this aspect of handwriting will unveil the writers unconscious features, and will reflect upon valuable evidence (Blackburn Caddell). Detecting forgery in Art Forgery detection is done through two major approaches, stylistic and technical analysis; these are complementary and generate best results together. Stylistic analysis is very subjective in nature and resides with the wise eye of the art historians. Each artist has a certain flair, style, and vigor that solely belongs to him and is easily familiar. The style changes and improvises overtime as the artists career flourishes and can be stylistically documented and analyzed (Forgery, Britannica). Expertise in important to authenticate the styles and aesthetics of various periods and remain the principle instrument to detect forgery. Artistic gaucherie or clutter of motifs and styles, and an apparent emphasis of forgers aesthetic values current times constantly reveals the forgery than most of the technical analysis. The technical analysis can involve various techniques and have evolved over time. Sometimes a sketch or an x-ray can be used underneath the original art surface to substanti ate the paintings. In earlier centuries, costumes of an under painting were considered basic characteristic of an art value, and later surface painting emerged as one way of doing forgery (Conklin). Even so contemporary tools like infrared, ultraviolet photography and x-ray are used to expose overpainting and pentimento. Furthermore craquelure can also be microscopically scrutinized. In addition carbon-14 and chemical analysis provide comparatively uncertain evidence in case ancient materials have been utilized. Forgeries in United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates labor ministry has initiated an e-signature card system to prevent scams and forgery to minimize standard procedures. The e-signature system has replaced the signature authorization card scheme which earlier required authorized signatory for any transaction with the ministry. The new e-signature will have a card with a specific code number which is required to be entered before any transaction with the ministry (e-Signature card..). Passport forgeries are very common in United Arab Emirates. Dubai police recently released details of passport forgers including six British born and three Irish individuals suspected in killing key Hamas commander. The suspect used real life individual identifies for forging their passports. One of the British national confirmed the name and passport number that matched has, but had the incorrect birth date. The individual had no clue how and when his passport details were obtained as it was never reported being lost or stolen (Neighbor). The passport forgery was believed to have been done through Israeli government officials. British foreign secretary David Miliband showed his displeasure over Israel involvement, and said that Such misuse of British passports is intolerable, and added that Israel being an ally of UK Miliband only adds insult to injury. The passports were forged using genuine UK identities in a highly sophisticated operations and planning and clearly indicated a gov ernments involvement (UK: Israel behind Forgery, CNN). A Filipino waiter faced trial for theft of credit card and signature forgery. The waiter worked at a local hotel, stole a debit card, three mobile phones, watch, three iPods, and watch. He shopped for 1300 dirhams using the stolen debit card at a nearby supermarket, and used forged owners signatures on the acquired receipts (another phony waiter in UAEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Numerous universities in UAE are using RFID tags on the degrees and certifications they issue to ensure the document authenticity. The ministry requires academic institutions to standardize data collection of students specifically their personal and academic details. In addition it recommends institutions to publish certificates that are difficult to forge. They are recommended to adopt the Amricons solution that uses diplomas having fitted adhesives with RFID labels that contain specific security codes that are helpful in hindering any forgery attempts to encode the RFID tags using unauthorized means (Wessel). Preventing Check Fraud It is important to go through the checks regularly and check the starting and ending numbers which are important for re-ordering. Keep checking if all the checks are present The financial institution must be notified even if any one check is missing. Bank statement should be reconciled every month. Signs of check forgery must be observed. Checkbook must be kept in a set place and it should not be accessible to guests. Checkbook must not be left in the car. If the car gets stolen, the checkbook will also be lost. Environment should be assessed while traveling. Purse or backpack should be carefully set. Checkbooks should not be kept in pockets. (marthareggie) Conclusion Forgers are very clever and are always honing their skills to manage and master new technologies in their desire and motivation to create fake documents. The forged documents and art are so original to ones view and examination that they are often mistaken for what they are supposed to be. Forgers have personal gains that they earn at the expense of the society and history. Forgery acceptance and use of intentionally false documents deprives individuals understanding of history, and endanger ones sense of present. Forgers success greatly depends on the vigilators record keeping. Therefore keeping records safe is every individuals responsibility as it makes the foundation and basis of who we are. As the scientific techniques are getting more and more sophisticated so are the techniques of the forgers. The finding of the forgery reveals interesting facts; one day a great piece of art will be priceless, and the other day worthless. Therefore without the origin and proof, any arts valuat ion or estimation is purely a matter of subjective human judgment.

The Aborted Contract :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The issue of abortion is emotionally loaded and this often makes for poor, not thoroughly thought out arguments. The questions: "Is abortion immoral" and "Is abortion a murder" are often confused. The pregnancy (and the resulting foetus) are discussed in terms normally reserved to natural catastrophes (force majeure, in legal lingo). At times, the embryo is compared to cancer: after all, they are both growths, clusters of cells. The difference, of course, is that no one contracts cancer willingly (except, to some extent, smokers --but, then they gamble, not contract). When a woman engages in voluntary sex, does not use contraceptives and gets pregnant - one can say that she signed a contract with her foetus. A contract entails the demonstrated existence of a reasonably (and reasonable) free will. If the fulfilment of the obligations in a contract could be life-threatening - it is fair and safe to assume that no rational free will was involved. No reasonable person would sign or enter such a contract. Judith Jarvis Thomson argued convincingly ("A Defence of Abortion") that pregnancies that are the result of forced sex (rape being a special case) or which are life threatening should or could, morally, be terminated. Using the transactional language : the contract was not entered to willingly or reasonably and, therefore, is null and void. Any actions which are intended to terminate it and to annul its consequences should be legally and morally permissible. The same goes for a contract which was entered into against the express will of one of the parties and despite all the reasonable measures that the unwilling party adopted to prevent its crystallization. If a mother uses contraceptives in a manner intended to prevent pregnancy, it is as good as saying: I do not want to sign this contract, I am doing my reasonable best not to sign it, if it is signed - it is contrary to my express will. There is little legal (or moral) doubt that such a contract should be voided. Much more serious problems arise when we study the other party to these implicit agreements: the embryo. To start with, it lacks consciousness (in the sense that is needed for signing an enforceable and valid contract). Can a contract be validated even if one of the "signatories" lacked this sine qua non trait? In the absence of consciousness, there is little point in talking about free will.

Documentation of NSTP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis page is where we would acknowledge all those who helped us with our feeding program.This is not necessarily where we would recognize loved ones who supported us during the feeding program. That would be more appropriately done in an optional Dedication page. We would like to thank Sir Mark Brinio who support and helped us in doing the feeding program for the children.Also we thank the children who actively participated in the program that we conducted. The parents who support their child to win every contest they have joined. Thank you very much.IntroductionFeeding program is an activity used to helped people in hunger, fun and other activities such as games, dancing, singing and other fun activities. This program can make people happy by serving them foods, giving them gifts and giving them fun.The purpose of it is to serve the children and make them happy by engaging them into different games or activity and then feed them properly with the food we prepared as a student.In that way, we can make them happy and at the same time, we teach them how to interact with other people like us or even with other children. By giving those winners a gift in every activity that they participated and act properly with no cheating.ObjectivesOur objectives in the program we conducted are the following:To serve them properly To serve them food that we prepared To make them happy To share our goods to them Giving them gifts Obtain disciplineProblemsThe problems we encountered during the program were the children have no control during the games and they did not maintain discipline in the first place. The other children hurt others just to win the game and some of them are cheating just to win the game.In serving food to them, we also encountered the improper behavior of the children in stealing the line. They push each other accidentally in order to have a food.Also in giving gifts to them, they keep hurting each other and try to get forcibly the gift that m y classmate throws in the ground. The others acted as a young to join in the games but they are old enough to participate in that kind of game. They are not qualified to join. Another is the improper trespassing in our boundary or in our tent. These are the problems that we have encountered during the event.Narration of experienceWe experienced fun in this activity and at the same time, we experienced being so tired because it is so hard to handle a lot of children in that program. Keeping them in the dancing center just to avoid hurting each other and to make war to other children.ReactionBased on what are we experienced in the feeding program service, we learned different things that we may apply in our daily lives. Like sharing what you have to others. In this simple way, we can make them happy. Make them smile especially children. In our program, I saw the children having fun in  playing different games or activity that we conduct and they enjoy well. Giving their best to be a ble to win the game that they joined and to obtain prizes from us.Dancing was included in our program where the children are dancing with their own step, with own skills to win the game and have a gifts from us. We observe also the parents who were watching their child in participating our program. They also participating and help us observe properly without harming each other because when we serve the food, the children are going wild. We avoid them from taking one place to another, avoiding to harm each other and learned to disciplined.

Lives of the Saints Essay Example

Lives of the Saints Essay Example Lives of the Saints Essay Lives of the Saints Essay Where are you going? asked her I have an appointment. With who? With the man who cuts the birdies off boys who ask too many questions. Rice, 2) This quotation shows that Christina cheats on her husband with a blue-eyed man. After everyone knows about her having affair with another man, and gossiping about her. Cheating on a husband is very bad for the husbands reputation; it shows that the husband, a head of the house, cannot control a woman. Which means that the husband Is a weak person. Secondly, Christina does not appreciate her husbands help. For example, she does not take money that her husband sends to her: l brought you something from your husband, he said after a pause he reached Into an Inside octet and handed my mother an envelope Whats this? The man shrugged. Something to get you through the winter. He sends me money through the band, my mother said. He probably needs this more than I do (Rice, 96) In this example, Christina shows that she does not need money from her husband, and she can take care of herself without his help. It represents her husband as a weak person that cannot help himself. Thirdly, Christina gossips about her own husband. For example, Christina talks to the husbands friend: I hear hes living In a chicken coop. Its a room attached to Umber Did Mannas barn, Alfred said. He must have told you In his letters. They fixed It up so he has water and electricity. he doesnt tell me anything In his letters, my mother said. he only complains. Here, look for yourself. She scanned quickly the letter the man had given her. Ah, perfecto, here Make sure Vitriol has some warm clothes for the winter. And I should feel lucky he reminds me, because otherwise the poor boy would run around naked. (Ri ce, 96) In this quotation, Christina gossips about her husband, which makes her husband look ad. Finally, Christina is a bad wife role model. Christina does not care about her child, which represents her as a bad mom. First of all, Christina does not care about Vitriols studying in school. For example, Vitriol talks about her mother and how she cares about his studying La maestro had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices; but my mother had only laughed. (Rica, 3). It shows that Vitriols mom does not care about his studying; however, every mom has to know how her child does in school. Secondly, Violator must share with his mother, about what he does everyday. For example, the quotation says: My attendance at school had not bee very regular it Ana someone Taller out Tanat l a spent much AT class tale wandering up to ten top AT Cole did Papa or down to the river with my friend Barrio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. (Rice, 3) In this example Vitriol shows that he misses his classes with his friend, while his mom thinks that he does go to school; however, a good mom would always know what her child does. In the end, Christina is a bad mom role model. Christina represents her father in a bad way; after what her father loses his Job. She does not do work that she supposed to do at home. For example, the grandfather talks to Christina: You couldnt have made some soup? My grandfather said, but my mother did not turn away from the fire.

NASA Not Ready for Safe Manned Mars Mission

NASA Not Ready for Safe Manned Mars Mission NASA lacks the â€Å"right stuff† to deal with the dangers involved in sending humans to Mars and bringing them back – alive according to the space agency’s own Office of Inspector General (IG). In his 48-page report, NASA inspector general Paul K. Martin stated that NASA â€Å"faces significant challenges† in protecting Mars mission crews, and that it is being too â€Å"optimistic† in projecting its timetable for responding to the risks. As a result, Mars-bound humans â€Å"may have to accept a higher level of risk than those who fly International Space Station missions.† Now planned for the 2030s, NASA’s first human mission to Mars will be fraught with new dangers such as deep space radiation, increased cancer risk, impaired vision, negative effects of extended space travel on human behavior and performance. Reality check: By the 2030s, there will still be no warp drives, transporters, replicators or other â€Å"Star Trek† wonders to help our Mars-bound astronauts get there faster and stay alive longer. In fact, as IG Martin notes, they might even run out of food. Running out of Food? Yes, even basic nutrition could become a big problem, according to the report, because: A mission to Mars and back will take at least 3 years, but the current maximum shelf life for NASA’s prepackaged foods is only 1.5 years.The vehicle carrying astronauts to Mars and back will probably be far smaller than the International Space Station, providing significantly less room for food storage.Periodic resupply missions carrying more food, like those currently serving the Space Station, will not be possible.Finally, NASA scientists do not know how deep space radiation will affect the quality, shelf life and nutritional value of food. While NASA is investigating resupply alternatives, including actually growing food in the Mars spacecraft, the IG stated, â€Å"Despite 35 years of experience with space flight and research in this area, NASA food scientists continue to face challenges from crew member weight loss, dehydration, and reduced appetite that can result in nutrient deficiencies both during and post mission.† Dangers and Costs of Dealing with Them Not Known While NASA has developed ways to deal with most of the risks of travel in low Earth orbit, many of the added risks associated with long duration space travel – like trips to Mars and back are not yet fully understood. In addition, taxpayers, IG Martin also found that NASA cannot accurately project the true costs of creating ways to deal with the Mars mission risks. In fact, the ability of NASA to pay for a manned Mars mission, safe or not, is questionable given its shrinking share of the annual federal budget, which Congress has shown no signs of enlarging any time soon. â€Å"NASA has taken positive steps to address the human health and performance risks inherent in space travel,† Martin wrote, adding, â€Å"Long duration missions will likely expose crews to health and human performance risks for which NASA has limited effective countermeasures. †¦ Accordingly, the astronauts chosen to make at least the initial forays into deep space may have to accept a higher level of risk than those who fly International Space Station missions.† A ‘Culture of Silos’ Dragging NASA Down In his report, IG Martin contends that NASA’s scientists and engineers are held back by their tendency to work in what he called a â€Å"culture of silos,† in which technical teams work and collaborate only with specialists within their own areas of expertise. In other words, not enough research data is being shared. â€Å"We found multiple examples of work taking place on health and human performance risks that suffered from such communication silos,† Martin wrote. According to the report, NASA’s has so far failed to give its astronaut life safety community a designated representative to work with the engineering, safety, and mission planning communities to ensure that issues of astronaut health and physical performance are fully and properly considered. IG Found Some Progress, But†¦ IG Martin did find that NASA had been taking some steps to lessen the risks of the Mars mission including a new Mars rover, set for launch in 2020, that will be able to extract and collect oxygen from thin Martian atmosphere and ways to grow food in the almost sterile Martian soil. However, Martin concluded that NASA must speed up its work on astronaut safety in order to meet its established manned Mars mission goals and timetables.

Anti Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti Trust - Essay Example United States of America and State of Michigan V. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan On October 18, 2010, the Attorney General of US and state of Michigan brought civil anti-trust charges against Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (Blue Cross). Blue Cross is one of the biggest independent licensees of the Blue Shield Association (Robinson, 2003, p.102). Blue Cross is a non-profit organization that administers and provides health care reimbursements to over 4 million members in Michigan. It was alleged in the charges that Blue Cross used most favoured nation (MFN) clause in contracts with its member hospitals to enforce monopolistic advantages. The Attorney General defended that such MFN status will hurt competition by Reducing capability other health insurers’ to compete with Blue Cross The clause will also help Blue Cross to raises prices beyond fair value It will create an entry barrier for new entrants MFN status of Blue Cross will raise the health insurance prices in Michi gan Hence, from the above summary of charges of anti-trust against Blue Cross by FTC it can be said that Blue Cross’ MFN status with the hospitals of Michigan are likely to influence anti-competitive effects in the market (Tonn, 2011, pp.1-4). Anti-Trust in Health Care The purpose of anti-trust acts is to encourage a free market place which have competitive environment. These laws are aimed to protect public interest and restrict monopoly practices that adversely affect public in society. The main purpose of such anti-trust law is to encourage best possible allocation of scarce resources and services to public at lowest prices (Ladenburg, 2007, pp.33-35). The federal anti-trust law is based on the following three acts that prohibit all restrictive trade practices and conspiracies in contacts or agreements: The Sherman Act – Under Section 1 of the act, the rule applies to all agreements which may include restrictive trade practices, monopoly practices and boycott of oth er firms, conspiracy to fix price, separate market territories, harm competition and use of coercive tactics. The Federal trade Commission Act – Under Section 5 of the act, the law applies to all types of actions that use unfair advantages and methods of competition. The Clayton Act – Under Section 7 of the act, it prohibits any such merger and acquisition that has the potential to create a monopoly in the market or substantially reduce in the market. Recommendations to Management From the above discussion regarding the anti-trust act against Blue Cross and lessons learned, it can be said that Blue Cross obviously had the market power to its advantage via MFN clause in contract which will further influence sale of health insurance products and services in Michigan. Making such a contract is discouraged by FTC under the anti-trust act in health care organizations. This is because, from the charges and rebuttals charged by the Attorney General on Blue Cross, it is clear that contracts including ‘MFN’ (Most Favoured Nation) status will fall under the purview of the act because of its very nature to of creating anti-competitive environment. In addition, it is also important to note that the senior management must ensure contract or agreement regarding the

Decision making for Paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Decision making for Paramedic - Essay Example ical thinking, response to emergency, efficiency and calmness, employers often expect that a qualified paramedic would be able to portray these qualities with a high standard of effectiveness. In this regard, current employers expect the employees to respond effectively to injuries, illnesses, and accidents. Communication skills and response to communication cues of the environment is another of the important skills that the training program for paramedics focus on, thus the employers expect a paramedic would be able to portray appropriate communication qualities, with ability to apply the use of modern technology for efficient and effective communication (Edwards 2011). The field of health and medicine is dynamic with continuous changes in the trend of care and management. My major expectation in the paramedic profession is to keep abreast with the changing trends in the profession through remaining relevant to the practical, technical and theoretical aspects of the profession. This would come through a constant upgrade to my technical and theoretical knowledge of the profession. Additionally, I require effective communication and interpersonal skills like teamwork, courtesy and calmness to meet the role of a paramedic (Ball 2005). According to O’Meara et al. (2012), increased industrialization contribute to medical challenges such as increased accidents and health care risks that come with industries like industrial fires. This means within the next decades, there will be an increased need for paramedics. Additionally, there are more paramedic degree holders because of the improved training program, implying an impending increase in professionalism in the field of paramedics. In the next decades, the role of paramedics would entail the provision of high-quality care and response to emergency services through the application of the modern technology, which would enable paramedics to be more efficient and effective (Ross et al., 2014). This will increase