Theoretical Problems Of Ethics And Ethics - 2035 Words

Theoretical Problems of Ethics Introduction Ethics is the conception about the â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong†. It is related to the man and the society. It supports the concept of doing good things and disgraces the thinking of behaving in the wrong way with others. It is the well-known fact that the ethics don’t implement on the logics in doing right or wrong. Along with sometimes it can stand against the morality. For example the death sentence is ethically wrong, because it takes the life of a man, which can become the better part of society in future. So, ethically the death sentence should be stopped. But, the morally death sentence creates fear among the people and they get the lesson for the future that who will be done wrong with others will face the death at the end. Along with this, ethics has some theoretical problems. These problems are related to different aspects of ethics which are not justified on the basis of philosophy. Most of the times these problems create confusion in the minds of human beings to identify what is right and what is wrong in certain situations. Three theoretical problems of ethics Mainly ethics have three theoretical problems. First one is the problem of the origins of ethics which means it is a problem creating for the people to find out that what is right and what is wrong. The Second one is the problem of relativism which holds the question that what is the relationship of ethics with the society (Mizzoni, 2009). The third one is the problemShow MoreRelatedInformation Ethics Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Ethics The paper addresses theoretical and practical aspects of information ethics from an intercultural perspective. The recent concept of information ethics is related particularly to problems which arose in the last century with the development of computer technology and the internet. 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The essence of this argument lies in what the three theories seek in order to understand our moral limits in accordance to positive and negative reaction of such ideas and overall acceptance and application of such theories ; with virtue ethics being the basis of the argument contribute to creatingRead MoreManagerial Ethics: Enron Case Study1392 Words   |  6 PagesNevertheless, we will use this example to discuss some of the issues in managerial ethics. Theoretical Frameworks There are a number of different theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to evaluate ethical decision-making in business. Most of these are loosely based on philosophical tradition, the thinking of Kant (deontological ethics) and Mill (utilitarianism) being the most important of the two. Deontological ethics rests on the idea that there are set rules that must be abided by under all

Global Decline Of Coral Reef Abundance Are Closely...

Global declines in coral reef abundance are closely associated with increasing human pressures (Hughes et al., 2003 and Pandolfi et al., 2003). Projected trends of ocean warming and acidification will exacerbate coral reef degradation, creating adverse human and ecological consequences in locations such as the Hawaiian Islands where economic benefits of coral reefs are estimated to exceed $360 million yr−1 (Cesar and Van Beukering, 2004 and Nicholls et al., 2007). Corals face additional local stressors which may intensify climate change induced effects and act synergistically to alter benthic community structure (Ateweberhan et al., 2013 and Smith et al., 2001). The impact of local stressors such as water pollution on coral health will rise as anthropogenic disturbances persist in the coastal environment. Nutrient pollution of coastal waters may arise from terrestrial non-point sources of N and P such as OSDS and fertilizer leachate. SGD is widely recognized as an important conduit for the transport of land-sourced N and P to coastal environments (Beusen et al., 2013, Moore, 1999, Paytan et al., 2006, Rodellas et al., 2015 and Slomp and Van Cappellen, 2004). SGD water and nutrient inputs are comparable to surface water contributions in many coastal areas (Corbett et al., 1999, Hwang et al., 2005, Johannes, 1980, Krest et al., 2000, Lapointe and Clark, 1992 and Taniguchi et al., 2008). Sustained nutrient loading of marine waters through SGD may promote critical ecologicalShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History

Information Age Essay Example For Students

Information Age Essay INFORMATION AGEThe 20th century has seen extraordinary growth in technology; however, it has only been in the last decade that this boom in information has been accessible to the entire world through new technologies like computers and the Internet. These new technologies have found their way into areas of modern culture, such as photography, print, and film, enhancing its potential through its creation of CD-ROMs, websites, and computer games, terming the phrase â€Å"new media† which â€Å"represents the new cultural forms that depend on digital computers for distribution.† Consequently, the challenge not only becomes how to accommodate increasing information, but also how to organize information in new media. Through examples given in lecture, it is shown that the strategies in organizing information in this â€Å"new media† are not new, but have drawn from the techniques seen in more traditional forms of media. Focusing specifically on the organizational meth ods used in graphical user interfaces and the Web, the same techniques can be traced to modern art and video because, as a whole, culture and human behavior does not change. As Manovich said in his lecture, â€Å"While we now rely on computers to create, store, distribute and access culture, we are still using the same techniques developed in the 1920’s.† The avant-garde of the 1920’s has become the standard computer technology of today. These techniques have become materialized through the computer and its interface. For example, the avant-garde cinematic techniques of temporal montage and montage within a shot found its way into new media and became the key feature of all computer interfaces, known as windows. Like shots of a film, interface windows containing information could be presented all at once within the screen (montage within a shot). However, since the windows are opaque, users are forced to see one window at a time (temporal montage). Both techniques are at play in the Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) in today’s computers. I believe that the montage was so revolutionary because it presented a new way of seeing the world. Early filmmakers presented humans with the option of two pleasures, getting as much information as possible, and a way to absorb it in an organized manner. And in this age of increased information, human behavior has remained unchanged only to become stronger. Society wants more information and more control. As a result, GUIs inherit the characteristics of the montage to provide overlapping and resizable windows of unlimited amounts of information all at the user’s fingertips. Another area of modern culture that has influenced the techniques of organizing information in new media is video. For example, in Lynnfield’s lecture, he presents a video by Gary Hill called â€Å"Site Recite.† Lunenfield describes it as a â€Å"continuous movement through a dataspace.† In short, users are taken on a fluid experience where series of objects are revealed and users are presented with infinite scenarios and possibilities in which choices are expected to be made. This video, as described by Lynnfield, plays on human’s need for exploration, visual stimulation, and interaction. Evidence of this can be seen in the success of film and video games. This is a reason why information on the Web is presented and organized as it is. There are millions of websites on the World Wide Web, full of information and loaded with imagery and visuals. More importantly, the â€Å"web† is connected by links in a way that there is not starting point or endin g point on the Internet. Through hypertext and hypermedia, infinite amounts of information are linked together in a space only activated my user interaction. With these techniques, users of the Internet are emerged in a seemingly endless environment where humans can achieve the have satisfaction exploring new worlds and gaining new information with just one click of a button. .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .postImageUrl , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:hover , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:visited , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:active { border:0!important; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:active , .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63d534aeda3bdd0c488d0adb4bb2b03a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Future Of Fiber Optics EssayAs human behavior and culture remain constant, accessing and organizing information in areas of modern culture or in new media will also remain unchanged, only to see growth in technology and information. Alfredo H. Vilano Jr. ICAM 110 Spring 2000May 10, 2000Prof. ManovichPAPER # 2NEW TECHNOLOGY, NEW POSSIBILITESThe growth of the Internet of over the past couple years has dramatically changed the way humans communicate, learn, entertain, do business, and shop†¦ just to name a few. It has become a part of human society. Through the Internet, any person with a computer and a modem can access an infinite amount of information and services. Anything from your bank account to groceries can be acquired through the Web. It has also allowed people to share and distribute anything from text files to music. One possibility the Web offers is distribution of artistic works through the Internet. Digitized images and sound files can easily be accessed or shared by anyone and can be used for anything. In addition, with the advent of new technology in digital filmmaking, video can now be widely distributed and acquired. However, is this a good thing? What does this all mean? Is anyone going to be affected by this? Pe rsonally, I think that this new possibility of video distribution on the Web is a positive step in art making because it allows for a greater number of artists, who do not have a Hollywood budget, an opportunity to produce art that will reach people worldwide. It also allows people who are not into the filmmaking industry to be creative and express their artistic ability. I also believe that the relations between big companies and independent filmmakers will improve due to this technology. During pre-internet years, artists used traditional video cameras to shoots rolls and rolls of film, which were distributed by professional producers and companies in movie theatres and video rental stores. Now with new forms of technology such as digital camcorders and the internet, the way films are made and distributed and the rule as to who will be able to make films are changing. Currently, a person can log on to the Internet, search through a database of digital movies and films, and instantly download the movie of their choice and watch it on their computer using viewing technologies such as QuickTime and RealPlayer. One example of this technology is through the website of the Digital Film Festival.1 At this site, a number of independent filmmakers who use inexpensive digital video technology are showcased and users can view their work in a matter of seconds with a click of a button. This opportunity is great because first, artists who have the talent but not the big budgets o f Hollywood studios can make good quality films with new and affordable equipment that wasn’t available for artists outside the film industry a few years ago. Second, artists, who are again lacking in funds for major promotion and distribution by big companies, are given the opportunity to showcase their work inexpensively for the whole world to be seen. Another advantage of this new technology is that it extends to people who are not considered â€Å"filmmakers.† In Bart Cheever’s lecture, he showed two videos done by hip-hop DJ Q-Bert. Both were incredibly entertaining packed with sound, editing, and special effects. It showed that even a person in the music industry can express creativity and use the new technologies to do what once took an entire team to do: write, shoot, mix sound, edit, create graphics, and visual effects. Another example is from Adriene Jenik’s lecture, where she showed a web chat room called â€Å"Palace†(?), with the addit ion of avatars that users could create and adorn to represent themselves in a chat room. Again, new technologies are allowing ordinary people, in this case the users, to be artistic and creative in an environment they choose and to have their work be seen and interact with other members in the chat room. .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .postImageUrl , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:hover , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:visited , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:active { border:0!important; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:active , .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4 .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3c1a6812dd7c88f73f98c9193dd63d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo Juliet and Westside Story EssaySo where does this put the big companies and studios? I think that the new opportunities and technologies for amateur filmmakers through the Web pose no threat to the big companies. As big as a few independent films may get (Blaire Witch Project), money talks and will always talk. People will always mob to see the new blockbuster hit starring Leonardo Di Caprio. If anything it will improve the relations between them because as more people become exposed to films and filmmaking through the World Wide Web, the love for the art, whether professional or amateur, will flourish as well. Technology

Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses upon the aspect of designing effective nursing care priorities. For the purpose of which some of the evidence based approaches had been used by the nursing professional such as the clinical reasoning cycle as well as Millers functional consequences theory. The clinical reasoning cycle is used to identify some of the top nursing priorities based upon the condition assessment of the patient. The priority designing helps in the development of a sharp focus of care. It helps in improving the quality of care delivered to the patient. Additionally, adopting the millers functional consequences theory helps in understanding the effect of important factors such as age upon the health and lifestyle processes of a person. In the current assignment, the case study of Mrs. Amalie Jones had been taken intro consideration. She is an 89 year old woman living alone after the death of her husband and suffers from a number of co-morbid health conditions such as arthritis, hypothyroidism and macular degeneration. Thus, Amalie feels very connected with her community and wants to stay with them. However, in order to do that she may have to depend on health care professionals for help and support. Considering the condition of the patient The nurse deployed in the care concern of Amalie had to make an effective note of the number of co-morbid health conditions of the patient. The nursing professional in charge of Amalie noticed that she has difficulty with her vision owing to macular degeneration. The particular condition also restricted some of daily activities such as the driving to her German association. She had also recently felt the need to depend on someone for conducting her daily care activities owing to her restricted mobility patterns, as she had lately developed rheumatoid arthritis. Amalie had also recently lost a lot of weight which could be attributed to her condition of developing hypothyroidism. The macular degeneration may result in blurred vision at the centre of the visual field and has been related with age (Antoun, Titah Cochereau, 2016). On top of that the condition of rheumatoid arthritis had limited the daily level activities of the patient. As mentioned by Bliddal, Nielsen Feldt-Rasmussen ( 2017), a direct link has been found between the conditions of hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse had taken some important cues based upon the clinical condition of the patient. Amalie had stiff and painful joints which restricted her movements or perform some of the daily care tasks. Additionally, the patient suffered from occasional dizziness and vision deficit. The dizziness could be attributed to the condition of hypothyroidism, which resulted in low thyroxin levels, whereas the low vision restricted her from performing some of the active social activities. This had further resulted in the patient suffering from social isolation as she could no longer go and meet her German community. The patient was put on a number of effective medication strategies. The paracetamol was administered in order to provide effective pain management to the patient. This was further support with 400 mg ibuprofen doses three times daily. The patient was also provided hydrocholoroquine in a dose of 200 mg three times daily to manage her conditions of rheumatoid arthritis. The arthritis and vision impairment had limited some of her daily living activities; that is she could no longer get up and cook food for herself. Additionally, she suffered from social isolation owing to her physical disabilities which could further develop depression within the patient. As commented by Malaviya (2016), the lower levels of thyroxin could further worsen her condition of rheumatoid arthritis by triggering the autoimmune form of the disease. Processing of information The patient had lately developed hypothyroidism resulting in loss of weight. The hypothyroidism could have developed as an autoimmune disorder and could be related significantly to the development of the Rheumatoid arthritis. As mentioned by Bliddal, Nielsen Feldt-Rasmussen (2017), the rheumatoid arthritis have been seen to affect the immune cells of the body considerably. Under these conditions, the body treats the thyroid glands and its products as threats. Therefore, producing anrtibodies against the own bodys cells and tissues. As reported by Malaviya (2016), rheumatoid arthritis has been linked with menopause and hormonal changes in women. Hence, there is greater propensity for the development of rheumatoid arthritis after menopause. Therefore, based upon the issue identification a number of effective nursing interventions could be designed over here which are-pain management, medication management and support through counselling activities. Amalie had been complaining of stiffness and pain around the joints. Therefore, implementing light exercises for the patient would have helped in the revival of free muscle movement in the patient. As reported by Jones, Hamilton Murry (2015), it is important to move in rheumatoid arthritis, as exercises have been seen to reduce the amount of pain experienced by the patient. As commented by Papastavrou, Andreou Efstathiou (2014), light to moderate exercises have been seen to prevent muscle wasting. Amalie should be helped by the nursing professional in managing her movements. The agility in the patient could be restored with the help of stretching and weight training exercises (Liou et al., 2016). Impaired mobility in the patient In this case, the patient had movement restrictions owing to stiff and swollen joints, which further affected the activities for daily living (ADL) of the patient. Amalie was suffering from acute pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis, which further made moving around difficult for her, as the moment she would try to make movements her joints would wretch. However, in order to help the patient with the mobility patterns they could be provided with an aid such as walking sticks. Additionally, inculcation of light exercises in the daily routine of the patient can also help in easing the movement discomforts and revive mobility in the patient (Fletcher Meyer, 2016). Due to the movement disabilities of the patient medication management also becomes an issue where the medicines will be placed at a lower level close to the bed so that the patient can easily take them. The patient had also been living alone and due to her poor vision has lost connection with outside world as she could not drive to the German centre. Additionally, she considered herself a burden on her family secluding herself. Hence, it was required that she be provided with effective counselling and daily support care, which could reduce the feelings of depression and helplessness in the patient (Yardley, Morrison, Bradbury Muller, 2015). The nursing professional cam use millers functional consequences theory for wellness promotion in the patient by fostering a sense of value and dignity within the patient (Kaylor Strickland, 2015). The age related changes are taken into consideration while designing of the care plans (Lamothe, Rondeau, Malboeuf-Hurtubise, Duval Sultan, 2016). The millers pyramid helps in the development of attitudes, skills and knowledge in the nurse which can help them in growing from a novice to an expert (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). It covers a number of functional areas from knows to does. Therefore, based upon the identified nursing care priorities, the top nursing priority which had been identified over here is management of mobility in the patient. This is because rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive degenerative condition and is not curable (Bliddal, Nielsen Feldt-Rasmussen, 2017). Hence, it could lead to gradual degeneration of the free movements in the patient. Some of the nursing interventions which could be implemented for the condition management of the patient have been further discussed. The patient could be helped to resolve the issues of restricted movements by providing her with a walking aid. The pain the patient could be measured with the help of a Braden scale. The patient to be further referred the patient to an orthopaedic in case of aggravated symptoms, where the patient could be referred to a physiotherapist for regulation of joint stiffness and pain management. The assessment for activities of daily living (ADL) should be conducted of the patient and in turn carer could be deployed to help the patient with her ADL (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). A fall risk assessment could be conducted for Amalie as she lives alone and had recently developed macular degeneration. Hence, she was at a higher risk of fall. Evaluation of outcomes The evaluation of the outcomes can further help in understanding the success of the applied nursing interventions. Some of these have been noted in order to analyse the recovery rate of the patient. On successful dissemination of the nursing intervention it was seen that Amalie was able to move more easily and expressed less pain while moving .She depicted more confidence in managing her daily activities by self. She also depicted more autonomy in managing her daily care activities and was hopeful regarding getting well and looked forward to meeting her family. From my nursing care experiences of Amalie, I have realized that application of a person centred approach would have helped me in understanding the care concerns of the patient better. The patient here suffered from a number of co-morbid conditions such as hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis and macular degeneration. Therefore, the patient had lost her control over her ADLs. This made the patient morose; hence, I felt the need to connect with the patient on a personal level. Therefore, using therapeutic communication approaches would have helped me in understanding the grievances of the patient. Additionally, the nursing exposure with Amalie also helped me to excel at making effective clinical related decisions using evidence based methods. Conclusion The current assignment discusses the nursing car priorities for a patient with a number of co-morbid health conditions. Therefore, it was necessary to develop an effective and nursing care plan for the patient. A number of nursing care priorities had been designed for the patient. In this respect, Amalie had to suffer from acute pain owing to rheumatoid arthritis. The joint stiffness allowed her with little freedom for physical movement. Additionally, the macular degeneration also resulted in the patient restraining from her daily activities which further led to isolation in the patient. Therefore, implementation of effective nursing care practices could have helped in restoring the autonomy of the patient over here daily care activities. However, at any stage of the nursing care and interventions the desires and concerns of the patient should also have been taken into consideration. Additionally, implement of the family members of the patients could help in improving the quality of the support and care services. Additionally, implementation of evidence based approaches could have further helped in measuring the effectiveness of the care and intervention approaches applied to the patient. References Antoun, J., Titah, C., Cochereau, I. (2016). Ocular and orbital side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors: a review article.Current opinion in oncology,28(4), 288-294. Bliddal, S., Nielsen, C. H., Feldt-Rasmussen, U. (2017). Recent advances in understanding autoimmune thyroid disease: the tallest tree in the forest of polyautoimmunity.F1000Research,6, 25-45. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Fletcher, K. A., Meyer, M. (2016). Coaching model, clinical playbook, transformative learning.Journal of Professional Nursing,32(2), 121-129. Jones, T. L., Hamilton, P., Murry, N. (2015). Unfinished nursing care, missed care, and implicitly rationed care: State of the science review.International journal of nursing studies,52(6), 1121-1137. Kaylor, S. K., Strickland, H. P. (2015). Unfolding case studies as a formative teaching methodology for novice nursing students.Journal of Nursing Education, 55-67. Lamothe, M., Rondeau, ., Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Duval, M., Sultan, S. (2016). Outcomes of MBSR or MBSR-based interventions in health care providers: A systematic review with a focus on empathy and emotional competencies.Complementary therapies in medicine,24, 19-28. Lavoie, P., Pepin, J., Cossette, S. (2015). Development of a post-simulation debriefing intervention to prepare nurses and nursing students to care for deteriorating patients.Nurse education in practice,15(3), 181-191. Liou, S. R., Liu, H. C., Tsai, H. M., Tsai, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Chang, C. H., Cheng, C. Y. (2016). The development and psychometric testing of a theory?based instrument to evaluate nurses perception of clinical reasoning competence.Journal of advanced nursing,72(3), 707-717. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017).Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. London: Elsevier Health Sciences, 55-68. Malaviya, A. N. (2016). Discoveries of conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugsSerendipity or flawless reasoning?.Indian Journal of Rheumatology,11(1), 32-38. Papastavrou, E., Andreou, P., Efstathiou, G. (2014). Rationing of nursing care and nursepatient outcomes: a systematic review of quantitative studies.The International journal of health planning and management,29(1), 3-25. Yardley, L., Morrison, L., Bradbury, K., Muller, I. (2015). The person-based approach to intervention development: application to digital health-related behavior change interventions.Journal of medical Internet research,17(1), 105-189.

The causes of poverty and solutions to this free essay sample

Abstract Poverty is the major issue all over the world. Poverty is always associated with different area such as the lack of education, poor health conditions and poor infrastructures. This report will focus on two main causes of poverty in the developing countries and indicate solutions to deal with it. It can be seen that inappropriate policies and undeveloped infrastructure widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Moreover, diseases prevalence like HIV/AIDS that reach reaches 5.6% among 2.6 million affected adult populations. Investing in roads, however, leads to about 3 persons far away  from poverty in China by every 1000 yuan investment. Other methods such investing human capital also help the poor to increase their life. Therefore, choosing a appropriate area to invest and educating the poor might direct help the developing countries to mitigate poverty. Finally, searching foreign investment to development and applying international aid might be another option. 1. Introduction Poverty is one of the highlighted issues in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The causes of poverty and solutions to this or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many countries have been devoting their efforts to develop the economy in order to reducing poverty. In developing countries, the government tries their best to satisfy people’s needs. The needs are ranging from every aspect of residents life. According to Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Social Workers (cited in Gien et al. 2007), poverty is defined as people lack of fundamental needs such as nutrition, clean water, shelter, medicine and education. Thus, providing basic needs to people is the prior mission to the developing countries. The purpose of this report is to examine the fundamental poverty and to suggest some possible solutions to deal with them. This report firstly describes the main factors causing some developing countries to remain a cycle of poverty, and then examines two effective solutions to reduce poverty. Finally, the benefits of attracting foreign investors to invest emerging economy as well as international aid as a recommendation will be discussed. 2. The causes of poverty There are some direct impacts on people who are vulnerable to poverty such as the lack of health care, failed policies and poor lifestyle. This might lead to the pressure of many countries overwhelmed that of individuals, because the government makes policies that are not suit for local residents lead to governments waste a lot of money. In addition to this, the lifestyle some developing countries have which is causing huge health problems ranging from parents to children. Therefore, poverty is related to different aspects of society that affects people life as well as the development of countries. 2.1 Inefficient development There is an issue that governments have many areas to develop and directly  affects people who are the target of it. Firstly, inappropriate policies may lead to residents far away from the benefits of development. Gien et al. (2007) give an example that Vietnam government carried on a reform policy for reducing poverty. However, this policy widen the gap between the rich region and the poor region resulting in rural residents as the victims of development, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) point out that this is because the process of policies reform affects economy development resulting in people easily losing their job when the policy fails. Therefore, failed policies could impose big burdens on some countries resulting in more people becoming victims of poverty. Secondly, under developed infrastructures widen the gap between the rich and the poor. As Lawal (2010) notes, poor farming infrastructures and the shortage of resources causes the program to improve agriculture are not completely effective in Nigeria. Moreover, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) point out that resources which could be used to develop physical infrastructures are lost because of they need to release debt burdens in Nigeria. Therefore, inadequate infrastructures in the agricultural sector exacerbate the situation of poverty. 2.2 Health issues To some extent, there are many countries carrying a high burden of health issues ranging from individuals to governments. Firstly, smoking-related issues have created some problems. According to Majra and Gur (2009), the poor who consumes the tobacco has high proportion of sickness and hardly to require treatment, Gajalakshmi et al. (cited in Majra Gur 2009, p. 316) note that this problems will lead 80 million males’ smokers dead ranging from 0 to 34 years old in India. In addition to this, Mudur (cited in Majra Gur 2009, p. 317) reports that the costs of smoking-related diseases including cancer, heart disease and chronic obstructive lung disease reach to US$ 5.8 billion estimated by the Indian Council of Medical Research over the government returns of approximately $ 1.5 billion in the tobacco industry in 2000. It could be seen that the illnesses leads to people have no chance to apply for an employment resulting in them to stay in the poverty. Secondly, many countries have been struggling with severe diseases. Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) give a example that the high incidence of AIDS reaches to 5.6% among 2.6 million affected adult populations resulting in the sufferers cannot find a job to support their life. Moreover, Fenton  (2004) points out that lacking of education as the major cause to the poor who have little knowledge about the risk of HIV/AIDS, much less to purchase high price condoms to protect themselves. Therefore, sufferers spend huge money, which should be spent to maintain their basic needs such as food, shelter and education, to ensure survive. This process might exacerbate poverty. 3. Solutions to poverty Although the developing countries are facing big challenges, two effective ways may help them to alleviate those problems. Especially, focusing on the weaker section of development in the developing countries, including investing in infrastructures and providing social services, could be spread to many nations to mitigate poverty. 3.1 Investing in infrastructures To some degree, there is a closely connection between infrastructures and poverty alleviation, thus the governments should choose to invest in appropriate sectors and execute it effectively. Firstly, choosing appropriate area to invest might be more effective. As Lawal (2010) points out that shifting current focus to rural region rather than wide-range development is more available, Fan et al. (cited in Ogun 2010, p. 255) give an example that they analyzed the statistics from different sectors involving electricity, agriculture and road, and then they found that investing every 1000 yuan in rural roads leads to approximately 3 persons far away from poverty in China. Moreover, Jahan and McCleery (cited in Ogun 2010) report that investing infrastructure helps residents enjoying better health care, which providing people better protection away from diseases and natural hazard, and qualified education. This is the basic requirement that poor people need, and let them benefit from the improvement of roads, schools and hospitals. Secondly, poor people could join the process of development through work. According to Lawal ï ¼Ë†2010ï ¼â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'the development should encourage the poor to participate and be identified not just the task of government but also as the key of poverty alleviation for themselves, Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2002) found that the sustainable labour market creates an opportunity to break the cycle of poverty and to increase income. This means that developing countries might maintain the development of labour market in terms of providing training for unskilled people. In addition,  Colclough (cited in Awan et al. 2011) found that investing human capital is benefit for the poor who can increase their life derives from education and health endowments. Hence, investing in the road, agriculture and labour marker might directly affect the poor through encouraging participation of development and boosting human capital, after that the poor acquires their basic skills and knowledge of living. This could help them away from poverty. 3.2 Education programs If one looks more closely at the poverty that providing education as an available way to reduce poverty. Firstly, education can help the poor improve their life. Lawal (2010) notes that building education and training institutions gives opportunities to the poor that they can learn basic knowledge about living, Ogun (2010) go further and notes that investing in education and health can improve human capital as well as increasing social welfare. Especially, International Institute For Population Sciences (cited in Majra Gur 2009) points that education is not just benefit for individual far away from poverty, but also it has good effect on parents who pay more attentions to their children’s health. This means that education could inform the poor the basic knowledge of health helping them to reduce the cost of illness. Secondly, training programs can directly provide the essential knowledge to the poor. Gien et al. (2007) note that Vietnam government has a long-term program providing training ranging from job creation to local-based health services to social workers in order to helping the poor people and continuing educate new social workers, especially, this course increases the awareness of social works among trainees and is directly good for poor community in Vietnam. In addition, most of social workers and medical experts are women in Vietnam, thus more and more rural women could away from poverty as the result of improving women’s education and job opportunities, Cranswick (cited in Gien et al. 2007) points that women who are the key of reducing poverty and improving health in the family. Therefore, education may provide an effective approach to developing countries to alleviate poverty as improving employability skills and health popularizing health knowledge. 4. Conclusion There is a closely relationship among poverty, education and health. While the governments try their best to reduce poverty, the basic of poverty is related to different aspects. The report indicates that inefficient development leads to developing countries waste a lot of money and efforts. More importantly, the spreading of diseases is associated with poor education make poor countries to stay in the poverty. However, the government invests in infrastructure and provides appropriate education programs might reduce poverty and improve residents’ standard of living. Thus, the government might take the local situation of poverty to consideration when they make a plan in order to suiting for local environment and encourage teachers to educate the poor. Due to poverty involves different areas, the report therefore recommends that searching foreign investment to development and applying international aid could be considered.

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper and survival (Smiling). But in fact, obesity IS seen as the bane of existence for women around the world in developed countries as they are De chivied by the beauty industry resulting in eating disorders in order to measure up to an unrealistic and unhealthy weight. As Shower author of beauty Standards states: Eating disorders occur in societies where food is abundant and the body ideal is thin. They do not occur where food is scarce and people have to worry about where e their next meal is coming from. For example, there is a lower incidence of eating disorder errs among women living in monoester, non industrialized nations and among certain et hon. minorities in the United States. Immigrants to Western countries are more like Ely to develop eating disorders than those who remain in their country of origin. As economic changes occur in monoester societies, the incidence of eating disorders is in creasing. They are becoming common clinical problems in young women in high income e Asian societies such as Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the Republic of K area . Kim 3 They have also appeared in major cities in allowance Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia . They have even been identified in u unexpected locations such as India and Africa. In addition, ideal standards of beauty in any culture Re communicated and passed down to new generations in various ways, including personal example, through story ling, poetry, fiction, art, and, in modern times, the mass media (Sheerer). It is through the e fads of beauty that women aspire to follow, even though at one point todays ideals of beauty y would have been scandalous. Likewise, the worlds culture of the human body is redesigning, r escaping, and refashioning ourselves to satisfy or meet the standard s of our social means d urine different time periods Cowboy Culture). Every culture has their own unique standards of BEA duty dependent of what is popular or mainstream at the time. During the Renaissance period, the e ideal women had red lips and cheeks, white skin, blond hair, dark eyebrows, a long slender neck k, firm, round reacts with pink nipples, small feet, and a slim waist (Sheerer). During the 16th century in Europe, the emphasis on pale skin indicated delicacy and purity, a female virtue u Compared to darker or more vivid tones, which were regarded as masculine (Sheerer). Alls o, it was for several centuries that China emphasized the importance and beauty in small f et as foot binding was the key to a womans beauty. For Chinese women who did not have small feet during the Five Dynasties Period was suicide because foot binding was essentially Amanda Tory step and duty in order to gain a husband can provide for them. Equally important, the West erne standard of beauty is becoming the global standard of beauty. Some critics argue that by accepting a Westernizes global standard of beauty, ethnic groups around the world are to sing aside important elements of their culture. Others assert that standards of beauty AR e overcharging and Kim 4 cannot be defined strictly by history. Celebration Concepts of Beauty). M rover, throughout the globe, thinness is the new fad that defines beauty, and whom en not just in the United States, develop serious eating disorders like bulimia, anorexia nervous , and more. About vive to ten million Americans are affected by eating disorders, and among too SE millions, it is estimated that 5 to 15% of people are diagnosed (Smiling). Regarding eating d crosiers, the problem begins when Satisfaction changes into a distorted and extremely negative image and this excessive preoccupation with the idea that some part of a persons p hysterical appearance is deformed or ugly is the definition of body dystrophy disorder which is IM packed by the media and the members of the community (Body Dystrophy Disorder). Co untiringly, social and economic status has become based on beauty. The body culture reflect[ s], therefore, the social ten sions, culture, and politics of the period (Body Culture). Beauty is n to found in the body but expressed through the body. The cultivation of the human body all owed people to create a sense of sulfanilamide and personal agency (Body Culture). The concept of beauty is a global issue concerning the young women of today because the modern world is too focused on perfection, and in certain cultures, to pro cure it is to go through series Of painful procedures. In fact, in a world where beauty comes first, people will whose to cut, reshape, and fix their face and body to fit the standards of.. Hat is seen in magazines, in movies, and on television (Mimes). Another problem facing whom en is the restriction beauty proposes to women, and in countries like the United States, England, China, and Korea, it incarcerates women and prevent women from being free. More over, society puts restrictions on women by valuing beauty above other attributes. Certain tattoo so, beauty marks, hairstyles, and body shape roughly indicates peoples position in a commun ity Also, the mass Kim 5 media pressures women fainting to look perfect by promoting cosmetic us Gerry. The picture perfect models that graces the cover Of magazines are promoted in a twisted kind of beauty as it is nearly impossible for humans to be perfect because we are not. Instead of appreciating and loving their looks, Women undergo sometimes painful processes with the AI m of being considered beautiful, and thus desirable (Magenta). Programs like Photos p alter, distort, and fix the natural body in magazines, movies, etc. The issue rampant around the e world, especially in more developed countries like the United States and the Great Britain, and in these countries omen are most susceptible to the dangers of the media and their standards of beauty. Mass communication and media has made international standards of beauty convey rage; the Western features are slowly but surely dominating and changing the beauty standards of the world. This is an issue because other groups and nations lose their own identity and cult re as they try to fit in with what is mainstream. The loss and fading of a cultures identity is fourth re a restriction on women. Not all women are of the same background, culture, or even have the e same physical features yet many women from the African American and Asian cultures try t change their own identity to fit the Western image. By engaging in beauty practices women try yet live up to the beauty images communicated to them via their male partners, advertising, FAA scion designers, (porn) movies, and others, and by doing so, women are restricted (Charisma) Pressures not only from family and peers but also the media to diet can fourth re distort body image, which lead to Abnormal eating behaviors and increase the risk of eating disorders. Having a healthy body image means you are accepting and appear dative of your body and realistic about your body size. The most common body image problems I include dissatisfaction with your body and distortion, which is the inability to see your self as you really Kim 6 are. Body image problems can affect eating behavior and increase the risk of eating disorders (Smi ling). In countries like the Unites States, Europe, and Asia, the ideals and s tankards of beauty are the sources of all evil as women are bound to the beauty industry, and in some cue Trees like Bangkok where women will go through dangerous cosmetic prop dress for the sake of beauty, the chains and the grip the body culture has on women become dig term and tighter (Bangkok Deadly Obsession with Beauty). Sheila Jeffrey, a scholar, author, p lattice activist, has similar opinions in which she has a vision of a world without harmful BEA duty practices which seems to be a utopian one in a world organized into along capitalist line sees (Charisma). Along with pressures to conform to Western beauty standards, ideals of thin news in Asian American women are influenced in anorexic or bulimic behaviors (Low). Ho waver, the stereotypical standpoint of eating disorders being a white womans issue ha s gone beyond just white women. Thinness, in todays society, is the ultimate goal women must achieve in order to be considered beautiful or even just fit in with the main crowd. Thinness is not just a headache in Caucasians, but also in other cultures such as African Americans, Latino, Asians, and more. The ideal of thinness is the supreme restriction on women in these e cultures as being thin is the first big step to being close to the ideal. Furthermore, among the Mended people of the Sierra Leone in Africa, women aspire to be as beautiful as Tangoing, a merman id in Mended mythology, who is regarded as perfection, and the mythological mermaid who chi is considered to be the ideal woman, in this culture, has long, thick, strong hair, an imports NT focus of appearance for Mended women, as well as some other feature-?eyes, head, BRB seats, hands, legs, or buttocks (Sheerer). Furthermore, African American women are affected by t he problem Of beauty as they allow the Western features to dominate and dictate what is De med beautiful. It is Kim 7 wrong that African women have allowed the West to dictate to us what a BEA dutiful woman should look like because this kind of thing makes African women feel inferior to white women (Adjoin). The West promotes long, straight hair and African American women hide their curly hair by weaving or getting a straight perm. Beauty plays an important role in classifying people to their respective social hierarchy. Beauty standards can have a strong impact on social attitudes and interpret Anal relations. Studies have shown that people tend to hold certain attitudes toward those t hey find attractive (Sheerer). Thus, practices related to the cultivation of the human body have served as means to symbolically reinforce social distinctions (Body Culture). Beauty comes Han d in hand with ones social hierarchy as beauty determine s her social status and judgment. To people who find those attractive, more positive and charming comments are rendered rather t Han a condescending judgment. In other words, in todays world, the beautiful people of all sexes have a greater choice of sexual partners, and more chances of raising their status by fair me anus or foul (Martin). Continuing, outward appearance directly correlates to peoples such sees and freedom in society. In fact, as stated by Smiling, an author of Nutrition and Eating Dish orders: In North America, where young women are particularly concerned with body I age, being thin is associated with beauty, success, intelligence, and vitality. No Am Rican girl wants to be plump. Young women find themselves in a world where they are expected to be independent, have a prestigious job, maintain a successful love relationship p, bear and nurture children, manage a household, and stay in fashion. These pressures may make them feel they are unable to control all aspects of their life, so they turn to of do intake and body weight as an area in which they can exercise control. These are Nat rural choices, Kim 8 because society tells us that being thin brings success (Smiling). Additionally, the borrowing of western culture and the fashion and entertain meet industries, which set the pace and trend for almost every aspect Of our lives h eave not helped issues with the stiff competition to appear perfect (Cheating Nature With Coos emetic Surgery! ). In the film King Kong, King Kong mistakes the main character for another whom an with blonde hair and fair skin, this shows how only people with characteristics like the maim n character is beautiful. Sherry McCarthy, who writes in Blonde Is Beautiful Mystique on USA Today, admits that she was disturbed by its gender message: that foreordained blond news is the essence of female beauty, so powerful an aphrodisiac that it can tame a savage beast. The beauty industry is dramatic in that it emphasizes and alters possible beau Toto impossible. Advertisers want people to think that the beauty promoted by the e media is obtainable by using their products. This is a trap that the media has created s o that people will spend more and more. It is a way for advertisers to make money (Negative B DOD Image). Evidence as follows from Negative Body Image: The Beauty Industry you see them every. Where-?perfect, beautiful women an d men. Anywhere you look-?magazines, television, movies, even video games-?you c ant get away from seeing females and males who either look like or actually are fish on models, staring you down and making you feel less than perfect. But the truth is, these e perfect models look this way for many reasons. First of all, they are usually wearing h eave makeup (even to achieve the natural much that you probably would dont even recognize models if you saw them on the street without their makeup. Special I camera angles and lighting add to the illusion of perfection. Most pictures of women I n fashion Kim 9 Gaines are airbrushed or altered by a computer. This means that after the photo is taken, professionals use special tools to correct any imperfections that show up in the photo and might make the model look less than ideal , and According to a r search study on social issues, todays media ideal of thinness for females is achievable e by less than 5 percent of the female population. No wonder that a 1995 study found that after just three minutes of looking at a fashion magazine, 70 percent of women nit reviewed felt depressed and guilty. In 1 999, Anne Becker, director of research at the Harvard rd Eating Disorders Center, reported that when she surveyed teenage girls on the island d of Fiji in 1998, only thirtieth months after the medium of television first became via label on the island, 74 percent reported feeling too big or fat at least sometimes. Too SE who watched TV at least three nights per week were 50 percent more likely than to hers to see themselves as too fat, and 30 percent more likely to diet, even though they w arent overweight. Solutions in alleviating the problems caused by beauty include: promoting diva resist instead of focusing on Western features, helping women to have more confine dunce in the body, ND help change the impossible beauty the media promotes to standards that t are realistic. For example, by being open to and promoting the beauty of what other cultures a ND nations find beautiful, there will be more diversity. Allowing more diversity will help alleviate ate the restrictions as it will provide women with more to consider and appraise as b dutiful than just the hootenannies features. Women who do not fit the image of the Western CUL true, especially women from other ethnic groups, will be less restricted and free. Furthermore e, by promoting and helping others, especially women, to have confidence in their natural body an and its flaws will Kim 10 decrease the restrictions on women. Also making changes to the distorted IM ages the media brainwashes can help the future generations to grow up with more truth. Insist dad of promoting the deceitful pictures of Victoria Secret models or the ambiguous commercial s on television, the media should advertise the real body culture. The f act that many people have become obsessed with beauty either do not know w how it affects them negatively or are not doing anything to change this reality has become problematic.

Comparative employee relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Comparative employee relations - Case Study Example On top of this, the expanding industrial society was drawing more children, women, immigrants as well as rural workers in to the urban culture. This pool of semi skilled labor as well as unskilled labor started to organize themselves in small groups in order to articulate their plight collectively. This marked the onset of trade unionism. The political dimensions or political orientations of trade unions have always been determined by the nature and type of political regimes existent in their economies all over the world. Due to this reason, many trade unions especially in former colonial states ended up forming themselves into political parties. In other democracies these trade unions concentrated only in their field of specialization and only rarely did they form themselves into political parties. The rise of trade unionism in Britain could be best analyzed on a modernization theory perspective. On the other hand, in order to understand the rise of trade unionism in Kenya, which happens to be a former British colony can only be best understood from a dependency theory perspective. Trade unions both in Britain and in Kenya have a long history of getting overly involved in political affairs. Surprisingly in both countries, there are instances where certain trade unions have turned into political parties and contested for national elections. Trade unions in Kenya have always had a political dimension ever since the struggle for independence from Britain began. Many trade unions were on the front line in advocating for the release of detained freedom fighters and ever since, they have always been very political. Trade unions in both countries have been highly involved in political campaigns, especially for political parties that they consider to be of importance to them. The British labor union was one of the driving forces of bringing the labor party to power. Likewise, the Kenya federation of labor was supportive of bringing the current NARC regime in to power in Kenya. Additionally these trade unions have always been keen on criticizing bad legislation or poor government policies in all sectors of the economy. In almost all countries of the world there is no country where trade unions have failed to conflict with the ruling regimes. This is in no exception to trade unions in Britain and Kenya. Kenya having been a former colony of Britain and given the fact that it is still a member of the commonwealth countries it shares a lot in common with not only Britain but with almost all of the commonweal

How Far Were The Parlements Responsible For Bringing About An End To Assignment

How Far Were The Parlements Responsible For Bringing About An End To The Ancien Regime - Assignment Example Parlements were political institutions that developed of the previous "Kings Councils, the Conseil du Roi or Curia Regis. Originally there was just one Parlement, that in Paris, but by mid-Fifteenth Century there was one in Toulouse, which extended its authority over much of Southern France. From 1443 until the explosion of the French Revolution there were fourteen other parlements created, in cities such as Arras, Grenoble, and Perpignan. Importantly, all these cities had always been administrative capitals of their regions (often stemming from the Roman rule) and had strong traditions of independence from central control. Officially parlements were not legislative bodies, but rather courts of appeal. However, they did have the responsibility to record all edicts and laws and could refuse to apply such laws when they went against "fundamental law", or the local costumes. Increasingly, and this was particularly the case with the Parlement of Paris, the parlements began to "challenge royal edicts" (Doyle, 2001, p.1). These challenges often took the form of deliberate delaying tactics until the king held a lit de justice or sent a letter de cachet that would essentially force them to act. The parlements developed the power to pass arrests de reglement, which were laws that essentially applied within their jurisdiction. So the Parlements were, in fact, part of the bedrock foundation of the Ancien Regime, and it was their wish to preserve that regime, with bourgeois, noble and royal privilege that may have led to its demise, at least in part. The apartments often prevented central authority (ie. the King) from carrying out miscellaneous reforms, such as changes to fairer forms of taxation. The ironic part of their attitude is that the parlements' refusal to allow these reforms actually challenged the very absolute power of monarchs that was at the basis of the ancien regime.During the eighteenth century, the parlements started to increasingly challenge the authority of King, ironically because he sought to change France. Thus they "frequently protested royal initiatives that they believed to threaten the traditional rights and liberties of the people . . . in widely distributed publications, they up the image of a historically free France and denounced the absolute rule of the crown that in their vi ew threatened traditional liberties by imposing religious orthodoxy and new taxes" (Encarta, 2006) (my emphasis). The Parlements, while essentially conservative institutions in their wish not to change the precepts of the ancien regime, actually provided part of the energy that would lead to its downfall.

Child Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Child Brides - Essay Example Martinez hails from a Native American Indian tribe from the Oaxaca valley in Mexico known as the Trique. He was approached by his onetime neighbor and fellow Oaxacan Margarito de Jesus Galindo, who requested the hand of his daughter in marriage. Margarito was only 18 and Martinez’s daughter was just 14. Further, the father had apparently followed a Trique tradition by demanding a sizable dowry from the suitor. He asked to be given $16,000 in cash, 160 cases of beer, 100 cases of soda, 50 cases of Gatorade, two cases of wine and six cases of meat. Apparently this was to be paid on installment basis and the couple was allowed to cohabitate for a week without any kind of legal sanction as per the California law. Margarito defected in his payment within a week of the marriage making his father in law furious. To get back his daughter, he enlisted the aid of the state police – but here, he cunningly covered the part about their marriage deal; choosing only to reveal that his daughter had gone missing. The police were quick to find the eloped couple and soon came to know the entire story. As it happens, numerous state and federal laws of California and the United States of America had been broken here. The girl was only 14 years old, which is 4 years less than the legal age for marriage in California. The police further chose to label this as â€Å"human trafficking† and Martinez has been jailed. He has been awaiting trial. Further Galindo was cited for statutory rape and released. This is based on the testimony of the girl who confessed to having consummated their relationship within the week of the marriage. The nature of the incident and the atypical dowry demanded captured headlines all around the world, with a sudden resurgence of interest in the traditions and practices of the Trique Indians. While a large section of the world population condemned the incident as equivalent to trafficking in women, another section, particularly

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis

Forgery And Plagiarism | Analysis To falsify something for the purpose of deceiving someone is known as forgery which is a crime. Forgery can be in the form of counterfeiting or art forgery but every kind of forgery is considered a crime. Forgery in the case of counterfeiting is severely punished. Crime has been there since the world came into being but it started to flourish in the twentieth century when several prospects for forged activities arose. Greeks and Romans signed their art with other peoples names and hoped that a big name would be capitalized. Similarly, coins and paper money have been faked by counterfeiters since they were introduced in the world. Some acts of ancient forgery were so impressive that they have been placed in museums for display and in some instances, pieces of art havent been exposed as forged work for centuries after the museums and galleries got hold of them, very much to the shame of the staff. (Smith, 2010) Definition of Forgery To illegally modify or reproduce a document, signature, an instrument, legal tender or any other means of storing information is known as forgery. Any item that is copied is also considered forged. (forgery Definition) When something is forged, a piece of art for the purpose of mimicking the style of a popular artist is made by a person and signed with the name of the artist. Usually, the work of dead artists is forged because their work cannot be testified. A few art forgers are very sharp. They utilize several techniques so that it becomes hard to detect a fake. Similarly, several techniques are used by art historians for examining art in the hopes of detecting forged works from real works of art. To forge documents is a profitable endeavor in several parts of the world. Identification, certificates of title to property and other such documents can be generated by forgers for cheating. In a few cases, documents are forged for kind purposes such as to enter an establishment with age restrictions and in many cases forgery is done for more sinister purposes such as to detect theft. Several precautions are taken when official documents are made like the use of special inks and papers so that forgery is made difficult. Forgery is a growing problem in the financial world. Currencies are actually made by forgers which is known as counterfeiting but fake checks and other important financial documents are also signed which cause a lot of problems even if the crime is detected. To examine suspicious documents and other material that might have been forged is called questionable document examination. Individuals, who choose to study forgery, may select a specific kind of forgery to speci alize. Those who specialize in forgery may analyze things such as medieval paintings, title deeds, currency with the help of several instruments and techniques to detect forgeries. (Smith, 2010) Types of Forgery Forgery is of three main types and all the types of forgery are common these days because of the advanced technology. The three types of forgery are: Altered documents. Signature forgery. False documents. Altered Documents Forgers can change documents for their benefit by altering the information within a particular document. Household bleach, paint thinners or special ink rubbers to a check can be applied to make changes to documents. Forgers can attempt to alter the amount or change the payee on a check easily. Most of the times, these alterations are not detected. Some forgers alter documents by using cut and paste technique. Others alter documents with the help of technology. Nowadays, documents can be easily scanned into a computer and the details along with the image can be altered within a few minutes. With the help of color inkjet printers, new documents can be created by forgers that look just like or even better than the original documents. A student in the United States got admission to New York University (NYU) with the help of a forged college record. The forged college record was obtained by taking the college record of another student going to another college, and then the students name, grades and other details were changed and blank forms were obtained and printed from a local print shop. Fake classes and grades were filled in by the student which he sent to New York University with the admissions application. Signature Forgery Signature forgery is thought to be the easiest type of forgery. The forger obtains a document from another individual and that individuals name is signed on it. It is difficult to find out the forger even if the forgery is uncovered. False Documents Forgers easily create false documents because computers, printers and scanners are easily available all over the world. To create false documents, a check or a business card can be scanned not considering what the business card or check looks like. Forgers can steal large sums of money by cashing forged checks. Just like signature forgery, by the time, forgery is uncovered it becomes impossible to track down the forger. (Forgery ICU 97-02) Forged Writing To make or alter a written instrument for fraudulent activities or to deceive someone such as to sign another individuals name to a check is known as forged writing. Writing payees endorsement or signing a check without the permission of the payee or the related authority. The true owner of a check is the payee to whom the check should be paid. Forgery at common law is the fraudulent making and alteration of a writing to the prejudice of another mans right. (Forgery Defined Explained) It was defined by a modern writer as a false making; a making malo animo, of any written instrument, for the purpose of fraud and deceit. (Forgery Defined Explained) Forgery is a crime which is subjected to punishment by the state and national governing bodies. To make a whole written document in the name of another individual for the purpose of fraud by altering or erasing any material part of the document which gives a new meaning to it, is considered forgery though the document maybe used by someone who is not aware of the forgery. To sign a false document or any other instrument with a true signature for which it was not intended or vice versa is also considered forgery. For example, a person might be asked to draw a will for an ill person in a specific way but what he might do is that he inserts legacies of his own head and then procures the signature of that ill person who asked him to draw the will without letting him know that the legacies have been deceitfully inserted. Sometimes a person may copy a receipt, add words in the original and then offer it as a proof on the basis that the original receipt was lost, that person too may be punished forgery. At times the name and character of another living person is assumed by a party in the writing. But to adopt a false description and to add, when a false name is not written or assumed and no individual answers the description, then it wont be prosecuted as forgery. To make a document in a pretended name or the name of someone who does not exist is a kind of f orgery which is just like creating a document in the name of a living individual and however a document may be made by someone in his own name, if he represents it as the document of another individual of the same name when actually that person does not exist, then it will be considered forgery in the name of the person who does not exist but the accuracy of this decision is doubted. Generally, a person cannot be guilty of forgery on doubt, however in writing a will, a legacy is deceitfully omitted which he was told to insert and by omitting that legacy, a material alteration would be caused, or in other cases, a devise of an estate for life to one is omitted, as a result of which, devise of the same property to another to pass a present estate which would have passed remains only, then it will be considered a forgery. It may be seen that the crime of forgery may be complete without publishing a forged document. For a document to be forged the purpose of making the document must be to defraud another person but it is not necessary that anyone of the persons is hurt. It is enough that the forged document is proven harmful. Laws have been passed in most of the states which make some acts to be considered forgery and Congress has also enacted some laws on forgery. (Forgery Defined Explained) Signs for Forged Checks There are several signs which may detect a forged check. However any one sign does not necessarily mean that the check is forged. The more the number of signs, higher are the chances of forgery. The signs are: Perforations maybe lacked on the check. There is a missing digit from the check number or it does not change. Personal checks having a low check number such as from 101 to 400 and from 1001 to 1500 on business checks. Around ninety percent of forgeries are done on accounts that are less than a year old. The font that has been used to print the customers name seems obviously different from the font used to print the address. Additions have been made to the check such as the phone numbers are written by hand. The address of the customer is not present on the check. The address of the bank is not present on the check. There are marks on the check because of the changes. The MICR coding on the bottom of the check is shiny. Real magnetic ink appears to be dull. The check number and the MICR coding do not match. There are missing MICR digits. The district of the bank and the routing symbol in the upper right-hand corner of the check and MICR coding do not match. The payees name seems to have been printed by a typewriter. Where as payroll, dividend checks and expenses are printed with the help of computers. The word VOID seems to appear on the check. There is no authorized signature. (Check Fraud Prevention: What is Check Fraud-Types of Check Fraud) Famous Forgers Frank Abagnale Frank Abagnale is considered one of the biggest forgers of the world. He cashed around $2.5 million through false checks between 1964 and 1969, assumed identities of eight different people including a lawyer, a pediatrician and even a pilot for Pan Am. A movie, Catch me if you can was made on his life in which Leonardo DiCaprio played his role in 2002. Anatasios Arnaouti Anatasios Arnaouti was a forger who was caught and imprisoned in 2005. He led one of the major of United Kingdoms counterfeiting operations. He produced fake currency in his factory and around  £276,000 was created in one day. It has been estimated that he created around  £10 in fake currency. Abel Buell Abel Buell was a forger who was born in Connecticut in 1742. He attempted to convert  £5 notes into higher denominations. He was caught and punished by printing F on his head which branded him as a forger. Victor Lustig Victor Lustig is known for selling the Eiffel Tower twice by fraud though he did not own it. He was arrested when he was opening a locker with a key in his hand which had $51,000 in fake currency. William Chaloner He was a famous British forger who was known for counterfeiting. He was detected by Royal Mint and Sir Isaac Newton in 1699. He was caught and punished by hanging. Stephen Jory Stephen Jory led the so-called Lavender Hill Mob. He created fake  £20 notes. He was arrested and admitted in his trial that he had created  £50 million of fake  £20 notes but the figure is believed to be much higher. Catherine Murphy Catherine Murphy clipped off small pieces from gold coins to make new ones. She was executed in 1789. (Famous Forgers, 2009) Analysis of major forgery Forging documents by corrupting the records keeping systems is a severe crime against society. Forgers like their work accepted as being genuine and get amused while embarrassing the experts. They like to change history the way they want to see it. People practice forgery for its lucrative benefits and pleasure. Forgery robs society and contaminates the very essence of humanity. Letter Forgery The Salamander Letter Plain one and half page handwritten letter to W.W. Phelps of Canandaigua, New York from Martin Harris, dated 23 October, 1830, depicted an uncanny event that Harris had observed three years back. In the fall of the year 1827 I hear Joseph Smith found a gold bible I take Joseph aside he says it is true I found it 4 years ago with my stone but only just got it because of the enchantment of the old spirit come to me 3 times in the same dream says dig up the gold but when I take it up the next morning the spirit transfigured himself from a white salamander in the bottom of the hole struck me three times held the treasure would not let me have it because I lay it down to cover over the hole when the spirit says do not lay it down. Harriss narration of Prophet Joseph Smiths discovery of golden plates, the plates that were translated to be included in the Book of Mormon that is the foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, gravely denied Smiths own recollection of the event. It called into question the divine character of the finding. The salamander was of no divine importance or an angel sent by God, it was a common sign that originated from fold magic and medicine. The letter recommended that Prophet Smith was hallucinating while mistaking it with divine communication that could have emerged from folk medicine experiments. The letter damaged the authenticity and divinity of the 150 years old church and no one cared where could have been all these 153 years. It was found by a Mormon dealer in an unstamped envelope, a philately specialty that concerted on postal blotting prior to stamps in late 1840s who paid no attention to the letters origin. The FBI and a prominent manuscript dealer subst antiated that the letter had the genuine look and feel. When the Salamander letter was compared with other documents of the period, it was known that it was written by similar iron gall ink used during that period and had the same chemical composition. The report concluded, there is no evidence to suggest that these documents were prepared at a time other than their reported dates. In 1983, the letter appeared to be indisputable and the leaders of Mormon Church got worried. Subsequently further events revealed that a disenchanted Mormon, Mark Hofmann had forged the letter and used his skills to dishonor the church. He was trying to change the churchs history to destabilize the foundations of the church. He testified during his murder trial, I believed that the documents that I created could have been a part of Mormon history. In effect, I guess, the questions I asked myself in deciding on a forgery[,] one of the questions was, what could have been? I had a concept of church history and I followed that concept. Hoffmans Technique of forgery Hoffman work of forging nineteenth century documents required mastery uncovered broad range of knowledge and abilities like: Artistic and manual dexterity to fabricate smooth and flawless writing according to persons specific writing style. Composition and chemistry of ink that could test positive for the period in question Having contemporary paper sources and postal blots Undertaking historical research to be in command of commonly known facts, day of delivery suitable and mail route for the fabricated letter to gain acceptance as being genuine and Fictional content imagination that is enough to being closer to real, and will be taken for authentic. Hoffman used two conventions, first he made up the documents discovery to someone else such that its real value is recognized. Second he made the document suggest historical connections of individuals that sufferers would eagerly see and unsuspectingly accept (Gracy II). Detection of forgery Detecting forgery of unique objects can be done through the objects evidence of time and place in which it was finished (Forgery, Britannica). Often a forger unconsciously creates style confusion or ingeniously accents elements that spark contemporary bias. For example the work passed as Lucas Cranachs by the bright German forger F. W. Rohrich, by imbuing paintings with a feel of Biedermeier visual, that was common in his own times, that later deceived their falsity. Regardless of modern technological breakthroughs, a great deal of forgery remains impermeable to detection by other than experimental means (forgery, Encyclopedia topics). Success to detect a forgery can only be achieved only if the investigator is precipitous about all related technical, mechanical, physical and historical matter that may be essential in recognizing irregularities in any document. Serendipity is one of the important powers and hence is ranked high for all investigators. Examiner needs to ask the right question at the right instant to spot forgeries and note dissonances. There are various features of a forgery and can be classified into four groups, that is content of forgery, provenance, technology and technique of the forger. Content of the forgery The examiners inexperience surfaces when the document is question is being assessed to validate the content. Examiners do not know all the necessary facts, while skilled forgers have carefully analyzed every aspect. The older the document is, the more the examiner needs to be well-versant with the rule of phraseology and word usage of the period. Configuring dates and the styles of abbreviation have evolved greatly over the last three centuries. Furthermore the shapes of certain letters have also changed over time in their cursive. Provenance Common forgery cases get successful because often the victim believes in the validity of the document. Forgers give victims enough knowledge to lay their provenance basis, and let them build and substantiate the forgery through facts and chance discovery. An old aphorism states that if a proposal appears too good to be true, it is probably false, rightly applies to forged documents. This aphorism can be rephrased for forgery as, If it is remarkable that a document has surfaced all of a sudden, likely there is more to the story of the documents existence than the provenance offered. Technique of the forger Forgers have unique creative abilities, in intellectual conception and styling provenance and content, and in physical area of making of the object to make it appear to something it is not. Forgers do fake repairs to suggest substantial age and attention to the object for the intention of improving provenance. The examiner should critically evaluate the material used in the repair and the condition in which it was done. The examiner should be well versed with the aging techniques that may include staining paper with tea or coffee, or document misuse with tears or holes for book worms. Finally the examiner should doubtful about standard dealers markings. Technology Examiners need to evaluate the appearance of the forgery through use of technology. They should look for the dates when certain technology became common and the technical aspects of their likelihood of applicability. Examiner should check paper under lights for watermarks and for woven or chained patterns of the paper texture. The interaction of paper and ink is vital to exposing any forgery (Gracy II). Detecting forgery in Writing While examining writing for evidence of forgery requires careful comparison between the original writers and other. The author of the writing known is commonly called the original and is referred to by his name. The writing with which it is compared, or is the subject of investigation is a called the suspect. The suspected writings should be separately numbered until the original thoroughly mastered. It is important to put away the suspected writing to avoid confusion having multiple types of writing in front of the eye and mind so as to avoid prejudice to any one type. Any influence to first evaluate the suspect should be resolutely defied. Paper and envelope should be examined carefully for its quality, watermark, size or any inherent feature for clues. Then the overall general style of the document should be studied for top and side margins. Identify words in the writing for usual use of hyphen to divide words. Next measure the distance between the lines and make a note of the distance. Then make a note of the average distance between the words, and see if they appear to be connected without lifting of the pen. Check the slope and top of the letters that have tails. Look for punctuation style frequency and accuracy. Determine the writing class. Note for language peculiarities and errors or spelling of words like if its favor or favour etc. Note particular letters that have two or more touching points like, m, h, d, k, n and so on to check for writing regularity. Lastly look for tailed or topped letters for loops and bars if they are formed by single stroke. Classify and examine the loops or their angular, roundness, s hort or narrow style. Devoting time to this aspect of handwriting will unveil the writers unconscious features, and will reflect upon valuable evidence (Blackburn Caddell). Detecting forgery in Art Forgery detection is done through two major approaches, stylistic and technical analysis; these are complementary and generate best results together. Stylistic analysis is very subjective in nature and resides with the wise eye of the art historians. Each artist has a certain flair, style, and vigor that solely belongs to him and is easily familiar. The style changes and improvises overtime as the artists career flourishes and can be stylistically documented and analyzed (Forgery, Britannica). Expertise in important to authenticate the styles and aesthetics of various periods and remain the principle instrument to detect forgery. Artistic gaucherie or clutter of motifs and styles, and an apparent emphasis of forgers aesthetic values current times constantly reveals the forgery than most of the technical analysis. The technical analysis can involve various techniques and have evolved over time. Sometimes a sketch or an x-ray can be used underneath the original art surface to substanti ate the paintings. In earlier centuries, costumes of an under painting were considered basic characteristic of an art value, and later surface painting emerged as one way of doing forgery (Conklin). Even so contemporary tools like infrared, ultraviolet photography and x-ray are used to expose overpainting and pentimento. Furthermore craquelure can also be microscopically scrutinized. In addition carbon-14 and chemical analysis provide comparatively uncertain evidence in case ancient materials have been utilized. Forgeries in United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates labor ministry has initiated an e-signature card system to prevent scams and forgery to minimize standard procedures. The e-signature system has replaced the signature authorization card scheme which earlier required authorized signatory for any transaction with the ministry. The new e-signature will have a card with a specific code number which is required to be entered before any transaction with the ministry (e-Signature card..). Passport forgeries are very common in United Arab Emirates. Dubai police recently released details of passport forgers including six British born and three Irish individuals suspected in killing key Hamas commander. The suspect used real life individual identifies for forging their passports. One of the British national confirmed the name and passport number that matched has, but had the incorrect birth date. The individual had no clue how and when his passport details were obtained as it was never reported being lost or stolen (Neighbor). The passport forgery was believed to have been done through Israeli government officials. British foreign secretary David Miliband showed his displeasure over Israel involvement, and said that Such misuse of British passports is intolerable, and added that Israel being an ally of UK Miliband only adds insult to injury. The passports were forged using genuine UK identities in a highly sophisticated operations and planning and clearly indicated a gov ernments involvement (UK: Israel behind Forgery, CNN). A Filipino waiter faced trial for theft of credit card and signature forgery. The waiter worked at a local hotel, stole a debit card, three mobile phones, watch, three iPods, and watch. He shopped for 1300 dirhams using the stolen debit card at a nearby supermarket, and used forged owners signatures on the acquired receipts (another phony waiter in UAEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Numerous universities in UAE are using RFID tags on the degrees and certifications they issue to ensure the document authenticity. The ministry requires academic institutions to standardize data collection of students specifically their personal and academic details. In addition it recommends institutions to publish certificates that are difficult to forge. They are recommended to adopt the Amricons solution that uses diplomas having fitted adhesives with RFID labels that contain specific security codes that are helpful in hindering any forgery attempts to encode the RFID tags using unauthorized means (Wessel). Preventing Check Fraud It is important to go through the checks regularly and check the starting and ending numbers which are important for re-ordering. Keep checking if all the checks are present The financial institution must be notified even if any one check is missing. Bank statement should be reconciled every month. Signs of check forgery must be observed. Checkbook must be kept in a set place and it should not be accessible to guests. Checkbook must not be left in the car. If the car gets stolen, the checkbook will also be lost. Environment should be assessed while traveling. Purse or backpack should be carefully set. Checkbooks should not be kept in pockets. (marthareggie) Conclusion Forgers are very clever and are always honing their skills to manage and master new technologies in their desire and motivation to create fake documents. The forged documents and art are so original to ones view and examination that they are often mistaken for what they are supposed to be. Forgers have personal gains that they earn at the expense of the society and history. Forgery acceptance and use of intentionally false documents deprives individuals understanding of history, and endanger ones sense of present. Forgers success greatly depends on the vigilators record keeping. Therefore keeping records safe is every individuals responsibility as it makes the foundation and basis of who we are. As the scientific techniques are getting more and more sophisticated so are the techniques of the forgers. The finding of the forgery reveals interesting facts; one day a great piece of art will be priceless, and the other day worthless. Therefore without the origin and proof, any arts valuat ion or estimation is purely a matter of subjective human judgment.

The Aborted Contract :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The issue of abortion is emotionally loaded and this often makes for poor, not thoroughly thought out arguments. The questions: "Is abortion immoral" and "Is abortion a murder" are often confused. The pregnancy (and the resulting foetus) are discussed in terms normally reserved to natural catastrophes (force majeure, in legal lingo). At times, the embryo is compared to cancer: after all, they are both growths, clusters of cells. The difference, of course, is that no one contracts cancer willingly (except, to some extent, smokers --but, then they gamble, not contract). When a woman engages in voluntary sex, does not use contraceptives and gets pregnant - one can say that she signed a contract with her foetus. A contract entails the demonstrated existence of a reasonably (and reasonable) free will. If the fulfilment of the obligations in a contract could be life-threatening - it is fair and safe to assume that no rational free will was involved. No reasonable person would sign or enter such a contract. Judith Jarvis Thomson argued convincingly ("A Defence of Abortion") that pregnancies that are the result of forced sex (rape being a special case) or which are life threatening should or could, morally, be terminated. Using the transactional language : the contract was not entered to willingly or reasonably and, therefore, is null and void. Any actions which are intended to terminate it and to annul its consequences should be legally and morally permissible. The same goes for a contract which was entered into against the express will of one of the parties and despite all the reasonable measures that the unwilling party adopted to prevent its crystallization. If a mother uses contraceptives in a manner intended to prevent pregnancy, it is as good as saying: I do not want to sign this contract, I am doing my reasonable best not to sign it, if it is signed - it is contrary to my express will. There is little legal (or moral) doubt that such a contract should be voided. Much more serious problems arise when we study the other party to these implicit agreements: the embryo. To start with, it lacks consciousness (in the sense that is needed for signing an enforceable and valid contract). Can a contract be validated even if one of the "signatories" lacked this sine qua non trait? In the absence of consciousness, there is little point in talking about free will.